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General Knowledge > Earth > Flashcards

Earth Flashcards

General questions about Earth, its composition and structure, Analysis with regards to Atmosphere, Sun and Solar System

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1
Q
  • Mean radius of Earth

- (Volumetric) Mean radius

A

6371 km

3981 miles

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2
Q

Average distance from sun

A

149.6 million km

93 million miles

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3
Q

Closest to Sun (perihelion)

A

147.1 million km
(91.5 million miles)
about Jan. 3

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4
Q

Farthest from Sun (aphelion)

A

152.1 million km
(94.5 million) miles
about July 4

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5
Q

Rotates on axis in how many hours?

A

24

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6
Q

revolves around Sun in how many days?

A

365.2564 days

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7
Q

Diameter: through equator is?

A

12756.26 km (7928 miles)

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8
Q

Diameter through poles?

A

12713.5 km (7899 miles)

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9
Q

Difference in diameter through equator and poles is due to?

A

centrifugal force of earth’s rotation (at equator, centrifugal force is about 3/1000 as much as Earth’s gravity)

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10
Q

Surface area of Earth is?

A

510 million square km (198 million) square miles, of which about a quarter is land.

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11
Q

Mass of Earth?

A
  • 5.97x1024 kg or 6,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6x1021) metric tons
  • 5.97
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12
Q

Of the Earth’s mass: 1/3 is?

A

Core

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13
Q

Of the Earth’s mass: 2/3 is?

A

Mantle

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14
Q

Of the Earth’s mass: 4/1000 is?

A

The Crust

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15
Q

Of the Earth’s mass: 2/10,000 is?

A

The Oceans

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16
Q

Of the Earth’s mass: 1/1,000,000

A

Atmosphere

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17
Q

Of the Earth’s mass: 1/100,000

A

Ice-caps

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18
Q

Of Earth’s atmosphere, Nitrogen is how many percent?

A

79%

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19
Q

Of Earth’s atmosphere, Oxygen is how many percent?

A

20%

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20
Q

Of Earth’s atmosphere, Argon is how many percent?

A

1%

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21
Q

Average density of Planet Earth is?

A

5.5 g/cm3

5514 kg/m3

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22
Q

Types of seismic waves are:

A

a. Surface Waves

b. Body Waves

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23
Q

Surface Waves are also called

A

L-waves or Longitudinal waves

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24
Q

Epicentre

A

Point on Earth’s surface that is directly above the ‘Hypo-center’ or focus (the point where an earthquake or under-ground explosion originates)

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25
Q

Slowest seismic waves

A

L-waves

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26
Q

Velocity of L-waves is?

A

2.5 km/sec

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27
Q

Kinds of Body waves?

A

a. Push waves or compressional waves (p-waves)

b. Shear or shock waves (s-waves)

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28
Q

Which kind of body waves can travel through liquids?

A

P-waves

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29
Q

As ‘p-waves’ propagate, in which direction do they move material in their path?

A

Parallel to the direction of their movement

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30
Q

Fastest Seismic waves?

A

P-waves

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31
Q

Velocity of P-waves?

A

6-7 km/sec

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32
Q

What causes p-waves?

A

-The energy released when the rocks break up or slip near the focus causes p-waves
-Compression of the rock volume
(pushing and thereby reducing)

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33
Q

In which direction do the s-waves displace objects in their path?

A
  • Perpendicular to the direction of their motion

- Right angle to the direction of their motion

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34
Q

Velocity of s-waves?

A

3.5 km/sec

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35
Q

Volume (1010 km3)

A

108.321

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36
Q

Equatorial radius (km)

A

6378 km

3963 miles

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37
Q

Polar radius (km)

A

6356 km

3949 miles

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38
Q

Difference between Equatorial and polar radius in km?

A

22

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39
Q

Difference between Equatorial and polar radius in miles?

A

14

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40
Q

Core radius (km) of earth

A

3485

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41
Q

Ellipticity (Flattening)

A

0.00335

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42
Q

Mean density (kg/m3)

A

5514

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43
Q

Surface gravity (m/s2)

A

9.798

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44
Q

Surface acceleration (m/s2)

A

9.780

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45
Q

Escape velocity (km/s)

A

11.186

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46
Q

Black-body temperature (K)

A

254.3

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47
Q

Topographic range (km)

A

20

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48
Q

Topography

A

: the art or science of making maps that show the height, shape, etc., of the land in a particular area

: the features (such as mountains and rivers) in an area of land

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49
Q

orbital velocity of earth

A

29.8 km/s

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50
Q

Orbital inclination (degrees)

A

0.0

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51
Q

Orbital eccentricity

A

0.017

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52
Q

Unit for eccentricity

A

There are no units for eccentricity

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53
Q

Axial tilt (degrees)

A

23.4

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54
Q

Axial tilt definition

A

In astronomy, axial tilt, known to astronomers as obliquity, is the angle between an object’s rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane. It differs from orbital inclination.

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55
Q

Mean temperature of earth

A

15 degreed C

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56
Q

Surface pressure (bars)

A

1

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57
Q

Which planets do not have known global magnetic fields?

A

Venus, Mars and Pluto

58
Q

Mohorovicic Discontinuity year

A

1909

59
Q

Lithosphere Depth

A

0-60 km

60
Q

Crust Depth

A

0-35

61
Q

Upper Mantle Depth

A

35-60

62
Q

Mantle Depth

A

35-2890 (2883)

63
Q

Asthenosphere Depth

A

100-700

64
Q

Outer Core Depth

A

2890-5100 (5140)

65
Q

Inner Core

A

5100-6378 (6371)

66
Q

Oceanic lithosphere density

A

2.9 g/cm3

67
Q

Continental lithosphere density

A

2.7 g/cm3

68
Q

Crust density

A

2.2 - 2.9 g/cm3

69
Q

Upper Mantle density

A

3.4 - 4.4 g/cm3

70
Q

Mantle density

A
  1. 4 - 5.6 g/cm3

4. 5 g/cm3 (avg)

71
Q

Lithosphere density

A

3.0 - 3.3 g/cm3

72
Q

Oceanic Crust density

A

3.0 - 3.3 g/cm3

73
Q

Continental Crust density

A

2.7 - 3.0 (avg: 2.6)

74
Q

Crust thickness

A

30 km

75
Q

Upper mantle thickness

A

720 km

76
Q

Lower mantle

A

2171 km

77
Q

Outer Core

A

2259 km

78
Q

Inner Core

A

1221 km

79
Q

Crust: Types of rocks

A

Silicic rocks, Andesite, Basalt at base

80
Q

Upper Mantle: Types of rocks

A

Peridotite, eclogite, olivine, spinel, garnet, pyroxene, perovskite, oxides

81
Q

Lower Mantle: Types of rocks

A

Magnesium and Silicon Oxides

82
Q

Outer Core: Types of rocks

A

Iron + Oxygen, Sulfer, Nickel alloy

83
Q

Inner Core: Types of rocks

A

Iron + Oxygen, Sulfer, Nickel alloy

84
Q

Atmosphere is what percentage of Earths mass?

A

1/1,000,000

85
Q

Oceans are what percentage of Earths mass?

A

2/10,000

86
Q

Crust is what percentage of Earths mass?

A

1/250

87
Q

Mantle is what percentage of earths mass?

A

2/3

88
Q

Core is what percentage of earths mass?

A
  • 1/3

- 30%

89
Q

Nitrogen is what percentage of atmosphere?

A

79%

90
Q

Oxygen is what percentage of atmosphere?

A

20%

91
Q

Argon is what percentage of atmosphere?

A

1%

92
Q

Core is what percentage of earths volume?

A

16%

93
Q

Average density of Core

A

15 g/cm3 (maybe 13 g/cm3)

94
Q

How thick is core as a whole?

A

3500 km

95
Q

Inner core radius

A

1200 km

96
Q

Temperature of Inner core

A

4000- 5500 degrees C

97
Q

How thick is outer core

A

2260 km

98
Q

What percentage is Mantle of earths mass?

A

70%

99
Q

What percentage is Mantle of earths volume?

A

80%

100
Q

How thick is mantle in km

A

2866 km

101
Q

Temperature of mantle

A

100-3200 degrees C

102
Q

Average density of mantle

A

4.5 g/cm3

103
Q

Outer core density

A

9.9 - 12.2 g/cm3

104
Q

Inner core density

A

12.6 - 13.0 g/cm3

105
Q

Oceanic lithosphere in km

A

100 km thick beneath oceans

106
Q

Continental lithosphere in km

A

150 km thick beneath continents

107
Q

Asthenosphere in km

A

100-700 km

108
Q

Mesosphere in km

A

700 -2900 km

most of the mantle

109
Q

What percentage of earths mass is Crust?

A

0.4%

110
Q

What percentage of earths volume is Crust?

A

1%

111
Q

Continental drift theory proposed by

A

Alfred Wegener

112
Q

Continental drift theory proposed in year

A

1912

113
Q

Evidence of sea floor spreading

A
  • Earthquake epicentres
  • Heat flow
  • Ocean Sediments
  • Radiometric dating of rocks of oceans and continental crust
  • magnetism
114
Q

Evidence of Continental drift

A
  • Seismographs: revealed a pattern of volcanoes and earthquakes
  • Radiometric dating of rocks revealed a surprisingly young oceanic crust
  • Echo sounders revealed the shape of the Mid Atlantic Ridge
115
Q

What are spreading centres?

A

where new sea floor and oceanic lithosphere form

116
Q

What are subduction zones?

A

Where old oceanic lithosphere descends

117
Q

Plates are?

A
  • Lithosphere broken into plates

- Rigid slabs of Rocks

118
Q

Plate tectonics?

A

A unified model with ideas from continental drift and sea floor spreading

119
Q

Seven major plates

A

Pacific, African, Eurasian, North American, Antarctic, South American, Australian.

120
Q

Minor plates

A

Nazca, Indian, Arabian, Philippines

121
Q

Plate boundaries in action? hint: types

A
  1. plates move apart (convergent boundaries)
  2. plates move towards each other (divergent boundaries)
  3. plates move past each other (Transform boundaries)
122
Q

Example of divergent oceanic crust

A

The Mid Atlantic Range

123
Q

Example of divergent continental crust

A

The rift valley of east Africa

124
Q

How many possible combinations of a convergent boundary?

A

3

125
Q

Name combinations of convergent boundaries

A
  • Ocean- ocean
  • Continent- ocean
  • continent- continent
126
Q

Example of a transform boundary

A

San Andreas fault

127
Q

Sea floor spreading theory was proposed in

A

1960

128
Q

Oceanic crust towards Ocean crust occurring in:

A

Northern Pacific

129
Q

Oceanic crust toward continental crust example

A

West coast of south america

130
Q

Continental crust toward continental crust example

A

Himalayas

131
Q

Magnetites occur naturally in?

A

Basaltic magma

132
Q

Magnetites act as?

A

compass needles

133
Q

Continental crust thickness

A

35-70 km

134
Q

Oceanic Crust thickness

A

6-10 km

135
Q

Age of continental crust rocks

A

1500 million years old

136
Q

Oceanic crust rocks age

A

200 million years

137
Q

Carboniferous period dates back how many years ago

A

250 million years

138
Q

Pangaea means

A

Entire Mother Earth

139
Q

The ‘fit of the continents’

A

Francis Bacon - 1620

140
Q

Research on rock magnetism

A

1960s

141
Q

Convection current phenomenon

A

Henry Hess

General Knowledge (2 decks)

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