:earning

Question 1

Optical Illusions

Answer 1

Perception of features or objects that aren’t really there
Top-down processes impose a nonexistent object

Question 2

Conditioning: Generalization

Answer 2

Once a response has been conditioned, similar stimuli can elicit the same response
- (e.g. different bell tones still produce salivation)

Question 3

Conditioning: Discrimination

Answer 3

Ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.
- (e.g. if a dog shows less salivation to a different bell tone)

Question 4

Behaviorism

Answer 4

All behaviors can be explained by conditioning

Question 5

What does US stand for and what does it mean?

Answer 5

• Unconditioned Stimulus
• This is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. For example, food is an unconditioned stimulus when it elicits salivation in dogs without any training.

Question 6

What does CR stand for and what does it mean?

Answer 6

• Conditioned Response.
• This is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus that has become conditioned. For instance, if a dog has been conditioned to associate the sound of a bell (previously a neutral stimulus) with being fed (the unconditioned stimulus), the dog’s salivation in response to the bell alone is the conditioned response.

Question 7

Biological Preparedness

Answer 7

An organism’s evolutionary history can make it easier to learn particular associations

Question 8

What is NS and what does is mean?

Answer 8

• Neutral Stimulus.
• This is a stimulus that initially does not elicit any particular response prior to conditioning.

Question 9

Operant Conditioning

Answer 9

• Reward/punishment occurs ‘after’ behavior
• Type of learning in which an individual’s behavior is modified by its consequences
• They learn to operate something
• Example: dog learning a trick (operant) vs. dog spontaneously salivating in response to an unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

Question 10

Operant vs. Classical Conitioning

Answer 10

• Operant conditioning deals with the modification of “voluntary behavior” or operant behavior
• Classical conditioning deals with the conditioning of reflexive (reflex) behaviors

Question 11

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 11

• Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
• Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 12

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 12

• Adding a favorable consequence to increase behavior
• Example: Getting a cookie for eating all of your veggies

Question 13

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 13

• Removing an unfavorable consequence to increase a behavior
• Example: lowering insurance rates for safe driving

Question 14

Positive Punishment

Answer 14

• Adding an unfavorable consequence to decrease a behavior
• Example: Getting a ticket for speeding

Question 15

Negative Punishment

Answer 15

• Removing a favorable consequence to decrease behavior
• Example: No video games because of rudeness

Question 16

Giovanni’s dog Luna won’t heel. To teach him to heel, Giovanni puts a choke chain and a leash on the dog somewhat tightly and goes for a walk. When Giovanni says “Heel” and Luna walks next to him, Giovanni loosens the choke chain. Now Luna heels much more often than before, due to
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Positive punishment
- Negative punishment

Answer 16

Negative reinforcement

Question 17

Fred racked up a $200 cell phone bill from his texting last month, and his parents are furious. They take away his phone for two weeks to teach him that he must reduce his texting. Fred’s parents are using
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Positive punishment
- Negative punishment

Answer 17

Negative punishment

Question 18

Jill gets mad when her roommate, Brenda, uses her stuff. Lately, when Jill catches Brenda using her stuff, Jill will play very loudly a song that Brenda hates. Now, Brenda is using Jill’s stuff much less, due to the effect of
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
- Positive punishment
- Negative punishment

Answer 18

Positive punishment

Question 19

Shaping

Answer 19

Gradually modify or reward an animal’s behavior through a series of successive approximations of the target behavior.

Question 20

Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 20

Behaviors conditioned using partial/intermittent reinforcement resist extinction longer than those that were condition under continuous reinforcement.

Question 21

Intermittent Schedules: Fixed vs. Variable

Answer 21

• Fixed: Reinforcement after a given amount of time or response
• Variable: You are reinforced after an average amount of time has passed or a response has been given, reinforcement is less ‘predictable’

Question 22

Intermittent Schedules: Interval vs. Ratio

Answer 22

• Interval: Based on TIME intervals
• Ratio: Based on the number of behaviors (i.e. ratio of responses to reinforcements)

Question 23

Fixed Ratio

Answer 23

• Reward after a certain number of behaviors
• Example: earning a bonus for every 5 cars sold

Question 24

Variable Ratio

Answer 24

• Reward after an average number of behaviors
• Example: Slot machines

Question 25

Fixed Interval

Answer 25

• Reward after a certain amount of time
• Example: Paycheck every 2 weeks

Question 26

Variable Interval

Answer 26

• Reward after an average amount of time
• Example: Receiving an email or message response

Question 27

Which schedule is best?

Answer 27

• Best = most resistant to extinction
• Intermittent/partial reinforcement resists extinction more than continuous reinforcement
  
  • Example: Broken vending machine vs. broken slot machine
• Variable ratio is most resistant to extinction

Question 28

Timmy is trying to get a toy that comes in some boxes of breakfast cereal. He keeps opening boxes of cereal, knowing that if he opens enough boxes, he will eventually find a toy. Timmy is being reinforced on a _________ schedule.
- Fixed interval
- Variable interval
- Fixed ratio
- Variable ratio

Answer 28

Variable Ratio

Question 29

Observational Learning

Answer 29

An organism learns from watching others

Question 30

Classical Conditioning

Answer 30

Based on involuntary response