Early Social Skills and Comm Development Flashcards
True or False?
Pre-linguistic communication is only crying
False
Pre-linguistic
communication is more
than just crying
Is crying a one-way or two-way street communication?
Two-way street communication
What are the 2 types of intersubjectivity in early socialisation?
1) Primary intersubjectivity
2) Secondary intersubjectivity
Infant starts paying attention to faces and making eye contact
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
Infant starts producing vocalisations
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
Infant imitates
sounds and gesture
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
Infant can now point
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
Infant applies turn-taking when talking with another person
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
Infant is aware of shared attention
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
What are the 5 types of social interaction infants with primary intersubjectivity perform?
First months:
1) Attention to faces
2) Eye contact
3) Produce vocalisations (even if it is not a language)
4) Imitate sounds and gestures
5) One-at-a-time interactions
What are the 3 types of social interactions infants with secondary intersubjectivity perform?
Older infants:
1) Pointing
2) Turntaking
3) Shared attention
Define intersubjectivity
The interactions between the self and others
At what age do infant interactions fundementaly change?
9 months
A 10-week old infant mimicked the sounds her father makes when talking to her
Is this an example of:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
A 1 year old infant produced vocalisations when taking turns talking to her father, but did not actually communicate in a proper language
The infant also points at the TV to get her father’s attention
Is this an example of:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
Infant engages in one-at-a-time interactions
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
Infant only pays attention to faces and makes eye contact but does not look at other things around them when communicating
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
Caregiver and infant share experiences in face-to-face interactions. But these interactions are dyadic (baby and caregiver, baby and object)
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
In primary intersubjectivity, infants and caregivers interact face-to-face in a _____ manner
Dyadic
Define dyadic interactions
When the caregiver and infant appear to be responding to each other in a bidirectional way through circles of interaction from one to the other
Simply = Infant can only interact with one other person/object at a time
e.g. baby and caregiver, baby and object
When the caregiver and infant appear to be responding to each other in a bidirectional way through circles of interaction from one to the other
Simply = Infant can only interact with one other person/object at a time
e.g. baby and caregiver, baby and object
This is known as…?
Dyadic interactions
There are no assumption of the perspective of others
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
These interactions are not intentional
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
At what age do infants mimic facial expressions?
Newborn
At what age do infants imitate vocalisations/sounds?
3-4 months
What is dyadic mimicry?
When infants imitate another person’s vocalisations and/or facial expressions
When infants imitate another person’s vocalisations and/or facial expressions
This is known as…?
Dyadic mimicry
Are dyadic mimicries intentional?
No
There is no understanding of others’ intentions
But it shows that infants are motivated to engage with others
Simply= Infants only mimic expressions and sounds, but does not know the meaning of such expressions/sounds
They do not have proper intentions to communicate, they are just engaging with others
Infants have a preference for things that look like _____
Faces
In a study investigating infant’s attention to faces and eye gaze, what do infants prefer to look at?
Infants prefer to look at direct gazes, in comparison to averted gazes
Describe the study and results investigating infant’s attention to faces and eye gaze
List 3 points
Study:
1) Infants were shown direct eye contact faces and averted eye contact faces
2) Researchers measured how long the infants looked at each face
Results:
3) Infants looked longer at the direct eye contact face than averted eye contact face
4) This suggests they prefer direct gazes
Describe Senju and Csibra’s (2008) study on infant’s attention to faces and eye gaze
List 3 points
1) Infant sat opposite an adult who looked down on the table
The table had two different toys on the opposite ends
2) In one condition, the adult makes direct eye contact with the infant before looking at the toy on the left (ostensive)
3) In the 2nd condition, the adult does not make direct eye contact with the infant (continued to look down at the table) before looking at the toy on the left (nonostensive)
Senju and Csibra’s (2008) study on infant’s attention to faces and eye gaze:
1) Infant sat opposite an adult who looked down on the table
The table had two different toys on the opposite ends
2) In one condition, the adult makes direct eye contact with the infant before looking at the toy on the left (ostensive)
3) In the 2nd condition, the adult does not make direct eye contact with the infant (continued to look down at the table) before looking at the toy on the left (nonostensive)
What were the findings?
List 2 points
1) 6 m/o infants only follow
the gaze to the object if
preceded by mutual eye
gaze
Simply = 6 m/o infants only followed the adult’s gaze to the toy if the adult made direct eye contact beforehand
2) Same results were found for infant directed speech (making mutual eye contact when communicating in IDS) but not adult directed speech
At what age do infants start to show secondary intersubjectivity?
9 months
At what age are infants pointing and aware of turn-taking and joint attention?
9 months
Caregiver and infant share experiences and these interactions start to become triadic (the infant and caregiver interacting together with a toy; social
referencing)
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
In secondary intersubjectivity, the caregiver and infant share experiences and these interactions start to become _________
Triadic
Define triadic interaction
When the infant and caregiver interact together with a toy (3 way communication)
Simply = Social referencing
The interactions become intentional, and infants start to assume that others have their own perspective
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
In secondary intersubjectivity, interactions start to become _______
Intentional
In secondary intersubjectivity, infants start to assume that others have _________
their own perspective
Infants are able to coordinate emotional response with another person
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
Describe the “Still Face” experiment
List 3 points
1) Parent starts off by engaging and interacting with the infant
2) The parent then “freezes” and stops responding to the infant
3) The interaction breaks down
Describe the results of the “Still Face” experiment
List 2 points
1) Infant attempts to repair the interaction (social engagement cues) through vocalisations and hand gestures
2) When the parent still isn’t responding, the infant became distressed, cried and lost control of their posture
Describe the findings of the “Visual Cliff” experiment and how social referencing affected the infant’s decisions
List 4 points
1) Visual cliff (depth perception)
2) Infants will look to the parent for an emotional cue of how to respond
3) There was shared attention to the situation and a transfer of information
4) e.g. If the parent made happy faces and encouraged the infant to cross the cliff, the infant attempted to go over the cliff
If the parent made fearful faces and discouraged the infant to cross the cliff, the infant refused to go over the cliff
Infant engages in intentional communication
Does this apply to:
a. Primary Intersubjectivity
b. Secondary Intersubjectivity
b. Secondary Intersubjectivity
The beginnings of intentional communication by the infant signified by …?
List 4 points
1) The use of eye contact/pointing to direct another’s attention
2) The consistent use of vocalisation to indicate specific goal
3) Evidence of child waiting for response
4) Persistence if not understood (repeat their attempts to get attention)
1) The use of eye contact/pointing to direct another’s attention
2) The consistent use of vocalisation to indicate specific goal
3) Evidence of child waiting for response
4) Persistence if not understood (repeat their attempts to get attention)
These are signs that an infant intends to communicate in a ______ manner
Intentional
What are the 2 key modes of communication important for language acquisition?
1) Turn-Taking
2) Joint attention
Turn-Taking and Joint attention are 2 key modes of communication important for ___________?
Language acquisition
What are the 3 main components of joint attention?
1) Sharing a focus of attention
2) Following attention
3) Directing attention
1) Sharing a focus of attention
2) Following attention
3) Directing attention
These are 3 main components of…?
Joint attention
At what age do infants alternate vocalisations with their caregivers?
from 3 months
Young infants (from around 3 months) do not alternate
vocalisations with their caregivers
True or False?
False
Young infants (from around 3 months) alternate
vocalisations with their caregivers
By what age are there very few overlaps between ‘speakers’
(simply = turn-taking when talking becomes smoother, less interruptions when the other person is talking)
By 12 months
True or False?
By 12 months, there are a lot of overlaps between ‘speakers’
(simply = turn-taking when talking becomes messier, more interruptions when the other person is talking)
False
By 12 months, there are very few overlaps between ‘speakers’
(simply = turn-taking when talking becomes smoother, less interruptions when the other person is talking)
Infants engage in proto-conversations
Does this apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
Define proto-conversations
When infants take turns to vocalise, even when no proper language is used
When infants take turns to vocalise, even when no proper language is used
This is known as…?
Proto-conversations
The similarities between
turn-taking in early vocalisations and later conversation is known as…?
Proto-conversations
Do infants really have
sophisticated turn-taking skills?
List 3 criticisms that suggest infants aren’t as skilled as we think at turn-taking
1) Infants sometimes interrupt the other person when talking.
Interruptions suggest not until 3rd year can children control
turn-taking in language
2) In the early stages the caregiver ensures a smooth interaction between speakers.
It is difficult to tell if infants wait for their turn to speak because caregivers often give priority to the infant’s vocalisations and tend not to interrupt them
3) Difficult to establish exactly when the interaction is mutually intentional
Interruptions suggest not until their ________ year can children control turn-taking in language
a. 2nd
b. 3rd
c. 4th
d. 5th
b. 3rd
Initial interactions incorporate
either…?
List 2 types of interactions young infants perform
1) Child and adult interactions
2) Child and an object interactions
1) Child and adult interactions
2) Child and an object interactions
Do these interactions apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
a. Primary intersubjectivity
Joint attention is also known as…?
a. Primary interaction
b. Dyadic interaction
c. Triadic interaction
c. Triadic interaction
Triadic interaction
involving child, adult and
object/event
Do these interactions apply to:
a. Primary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
b. Secondary intersubjectivity
Joint attention involves shared awareness of the
shared attention
What does this mean?
When the infant and parent are both looking at/paying attention to the object but they are also aware that the other person is paying attention to the object
Joint attention also involves shared awareness of ____________
The shared attention
Name an experiment that involved the infant engaging in social referencing in order to make a decision
Visual cliff experiment
By what age do children look to adult in unfamiliar or threatening situations to gauge emotional response?
9 months
By 9 months, children look to adult in ________ or ________ situations to gauge emotional response
Unfamiliar or threatening
At what age does a child and an adult interact over an object and the child is able to switch their gaze between adult and object?
At 9 months
At 9 months, a child and an adult interact over an
object
What else can the child do at this stage?
The child can switch their gaze between the adult and the object
The child can switch their gaze between the adult and the object
At what age can children do this?
9 months
At 9 months, a child and an adult interact over an
object
What does this indicate?
It indicates awareness of shared attention
To get infants to interact with joint attention, what do caregivers often do?
Caregivers talks about the object of joint attention with the infant
Simply = Convos between caregiver and infant revolves around the object with joint attention
Joint attention skills predict _____________?
Later language skills
What predicts later language skills?
Joint attention
Children learn the names for objects better when:
a. They are attending to the object
b. When the object is there/named but not attended to
a. They are attending to the object
Children learn the names for objects better when ….?
They are attending to the object when it is named compared to when the object is there but not attended to
Much of early language is learnt in ______
Routines
True or False?
Caregivers structure routines around themselves
False
Caregivers structure routines around child
Routines create a ________. The child knows what comes next.
Shared context
Highly repetitive routines provide a scaffold for
____________
Language learning
Routines differ in the types of ________ used
Words
During a child’s _____ year, mothers constantly monitor the child’s line of regard
a. 1st
b. 2nd
c. 3rd
d. 4th
a. 1st
During a child’s 1st year, mothers constantly monitor the child’s line of regard
When child’s attention shifts from desired object of attention, what do mothers attempt to do?
Mothers attempt to regain the child’s attention
Who is initially solely responsible for establishing shared topic and
providing relevant language in early joint attention?
Mothers
In early joint attention, mothers are initially solely responsible for ________?
Establishing shared topic and providing relevant language to the child
Mother’s sensitivity to her child’s focus of attention is related to ______?
The child’s vocabulary development
Mother’s sensitivity to her child’s focus of attention is related to the child’s
vocabulary development
Children more likely to learn the referent for:
a. An object they attend to
b. An object their attention is directed to
a. An object they attend to
Twins often show language delay
How come?
This is linked to amount of time spent in joint attention episodes with mother
True or False?
If a mother directs the infant to a topic she wants to talk about, the infant is more likely to learn the topic/vocab/object
False
If a mother directs the infant to a topic she wants to talk about, the infant is less likely to learn the topic/vocab/object
How do infants engage in joint attention?
List 2 ways
1) Follow attention
2) Direct attention
How do infants follow attention?
1) By following points
2) By following eye gaze
How do infants direct attention?
1) Imperative Pointing
2) Declarative Pointing
At what age can infants follow a point directly in front of another person?
a. 3 months
b. 9 months
c. 12 months
d. 14 months
b. 9 months
At what age can infants begin to check back with pointer to make sure they follow the point directly?
a. 3 months
b. 9 months
c. 12 months
d. 14 months
c. 12 months
At what age can infants follow a point across the line of sight?
a. 3 months
b. 9 months
c. 12 months
d. 14 months
d. 14 months
What does gaze following allow us to do?
List 2 things
1) To track where someone else is looking and join them
2) Engage in joint attention
1) To track where someone else is looking and join them
2) Engage in joint attention
We are able to perform this due to…?
Gaze following
By what age can infants turn to follow an adult’s gaze and share an object of attention with another?
By 9 months
By 9 months, infants will turn to follow an adult’s gaze and ________?
Share an object of attention with another
Infants don’t track a person’s GAZE specifically until around ______ months
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 18 months
d. 24 months
c. 18 months
Describe a study by Brooks and Meltzoff (2002) on whether infants truly follow attention and gazes
List 4 points
1) Infants were presented with the face of a bird with lopsided eyes facing them. The bird’s head then turns away to the side
2) In the 2nd condition, the bird was blindfolded and was facing the infant. The bird’s head then turns away to the side
3) In 3rd condition, the bird was not blindfolded but had its eyes closed and was first facing the infant. The bird’s head then turns away to the side
4) Researchers observed whether the infant followed the head turn when the bird is blind folded vs not blindfolded with eyes open vs not blindfolded with eyes closed
1) Infants were presented with the face of a bird with lopsided eyes facing them. The bird’s head then turns away to the side
2) In the 2nd condition, the bird was blindfolded and was facing the infant. The bird’s head then turns away to the side
3) In 3rd condition, the bird was not blindfolded but had its eyes closed and was first facing the infant. The bird’s head then turns away to the side
4) Researchers observed whether the infant followed the head turn when the bird is blind folded vs not blindfolded with eyes open vs not blindfolded with eyes closed
Describe the findings of this study (List 3 points)
1) 12-month-olds will follow a head turn, even if the
person is blindfolded
Simply = 12 m/o followed the head turn of both blindfolded and non blindfolded bird
2) 14-month-olds will only follow a head turn when the eyes of the bird are visible
Simply = 14 m/o followed the head turn of non blindfolded bird but not blindfolded bird
3) 12-month olds followed the bird’s gaze if it had its
eyes open, but not if the eyes are closed
12-month olds followed the bird’s gaze if it had its
eyes open, but not if the eyes are closed
Why do you think this happened? List 2 points
Infants might have believed the bird can still see with the blindfold on (maybe they think it is sheer? or they still had their eyes open under the blindfold therefore they can see?)
Closed eyes (without the blindfold on) ensures that the bird can’t see anything
12-month-olds will only follow when the eyes are visible (not blindfolded)
True or False?
False
14-month-olds will only follow when the eyes are visible (not blindfolded)
True or False?
Infants cannot follow gaze behind barriers
False
Infants can follow gaze behind barriers
By what age can infants understand eye gaze?
By 12 months
By what age can infants understand that the other person can see something different to what they themselves can see?
By 12 months
Describe the study investigating whether infants can follow the gaze behind barriers
List 3 points
1) A wall separates an infant and a teddy
2) The infant can’t see the teddy, as it is on the other side of the wall, but the experimenter can (because they are standing on the teddy’s side of the wall)
3) The experimenter observed whether the infant follows their gaze towards the teddy bear, despite being on the opposite side of wall
1) A wall separates an infant and a teddy
2) The infant can’t see the teddy, as it is on the other side of the wall, but the experimenter can (because they are standing on the teddy’s side of the wall)
3) The experimenter observed whether the infant follows their gaze towards the teddy bear, despite being on the opposite side of wall
Describe the results of this study and what they suggest (List 2 points)
Infants could follow the experimenter’s gaze behind
wall, even though they can’t see the teddy with their own eyes
Suggests infants understand that the other person can see something different to what they themselves can see in their pov
It can be tricky to determine the motives for infant gaze
following
How come? List 2 points
There is conflicting evidence about when children are able to follow gazes because they think the looker sees something interesting
Some studies claim they can follow gazes by 18 months, but some evidence propose it can be as young as 12 months
Behne et al. (2005) look at whether 14-, 18-, and 24- month-olds will follow a helper’s point
Describe what happened in the study (List 3 points)
1) Infants sat opposite the experimenter and in-between them, there were 2 buckets on each opposite end
2) The experimenter shows a toy to the infant and hides the toy under 1 of the buckets, without the infant looking/knowing
3) The experimenter then points and gazes in the direction of the bucket the toy was hidden under
1) Infants sat opposite the experimenter and in-between them, there were 2 buckets on each opposite end
2) The experimenter shows a toy to the infant and hides the toy under 1 of the buckets, without the infant looking/knowing
3) The experimenter then points and gazes in the direction of the bucket the toy was hidden under
Describe the results of this study
Infants followed both of the experimenter’s pointing and gaze direction to retrieve object of interest from under the bucket
Higher % of 24 m/o, compared to 18 and 14 m/o found the toy in the correct location
Lower % of 24 m/o, compared to 18 and 14 m/o looked for the toy in the incorrect location
Do infants follow non-communicative points and
gaze direction?
No
Infants do not follow non communicative points and gaze direction
What are the 2 types of pointing?
1) Imperative
2) Declarative
What is the purpose of imperative pointing?
To get the adult to do something
What is the purpose of declarative pointing?
To direct the adult’s attention to something and share attention on the focus of the point
At what age do infants point to an object and then checks mother’s line of regard?
9 months
At what age do infants check their mother’s line of regard before pointing to an object?
18 months
True or False?
By 9 months, infants check their mother’s line
of regard before pointing to an object
False
By 9 months infants point to an object and then checks mother’s line of regard
Infants check their mother’s line of regard before pointing to an object only by 18 months
Infant learns that if she points, she gets what she wants
Is this:
a. Imperative pointing
b. Declarative pointing
a. Imperative pointing
Infant learns that she gets
more attention by pointing at things
Is this:
a. Imperative pointing
b. Declarative pointing
b. Declarative pointing
Which is an example of declarative pointing?
a. Infant learns that she gets more attention by pointing at things
b. Infant learns that if she points, she gets what she wants
a. Infant learns that she gets more attention by pointing at things
Which is an example of imperative pointing?
a. Infant learns that she gets more attention by pointing at things
b. Infant learns that if she points, she gets what she wants
b. Infant learns that if she points, she gets what she wants
At what age can infants indicate when an adult finds a ‘wrong’ object and respond negatively when attention is directed to the infant and not the object?
12 months
12 m/o infants can indicate when an adult finds a ‘wrong’ object and respond negatively when ________?
Attention is directed to the infant and not the object
What are the 2 main stages of social development?
1) Primary Intersubjectivity
2) Secondary Intersubjectivity
What are the 2 key communication skills?
1) Turn Taking
2) Joint Attention
