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General Biology: OrganismL Biology and Evolution - Set 1 > Early plants > Flashcards

Early plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Archaeplastidia

A

Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of plants

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2
Q

Charophytes

A

A type of green algae that is the closest relative of plants
- Chara sp.: Known as muskgrass or skunkweed because of odor
- Shallow freshwater dwelling, branched multicellular algae that can extend above the water surface

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3
Q

What are some key traits that only charophytes share with plants?

A

Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
- Distinctive cellular rings of proteins in plasma
membrane that synthesize cellulose
microfibrils of the cell wall; linearly arranged in
non-charophytes
Peroxisome enzymes
- Specific peroxisomal enzymes that help to
minimize the loss of organic products resulting
from photorespiration
Structure of flagellated sperm
- Land plants and charophytes have flagellated
sperm of similar structure
Formation of a phragmoplast
- During cell division a set of microtubules known
as a phragmoplast forms between the nuclei;
the location of the phragmoplast becomes the
new cell wall
Presence of sporopollenin-like polymer
- Charophytes produce a durable polymer called
sporopollenin; prevents exposed zygotes from
aerial desiccation
- Sporopollenin is a major component of the
walls of spores and pollen of many plants
Sequence similarities
- Share similar nuclear and chloroplast DNA
sequences
- Does not mean that plants are descended from
living charophytes but that charophytes may
resemble the algal ancestors or plants
- Three possible “plant” kingdoms

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4
Q

Why would first plants want to live permanently above the waterline?

A

Advantages
- More sunlight
- More CO2
- More nutrients
- Possibly fewer herbivores
Disadvantages
- Scarcity of water
- Desiccation
- Gravity - lack of structural support

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5
Q

What are the four key traits that appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes?

A
  • Alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos
  • Walled spores produced in sporangia
  • Multicellular gametangia
  • Apical meristems
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6
Q

Gametophyte

A

A haploid that produces haploid gametes by mitosis

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7
Q

Sporophyte

A

Created through the fusion of gametes
- A diploid that produces haploid spores by meiosis

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8
Q

Embryophytes

A

A name for land plants since they have dependent embryos
- diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte
- nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cells

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9
Q

Gametangia

A

Gametes that are produced within multicellular organs

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10
Q

Archegonia vs. Antheridia

A
  • Archegonia are female gametangia which produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
  • Antheridia are male gametangia which produce and release sperm
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11
Q

Sporangia

A

A sporophyte that produces spores in multicellular organs

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12
Q

Sporocytes

A

Diploid cells within the sporangia that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

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13
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Contained in the spore walls, makes the walls resistant to harsh environments

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14
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Where plants sustain continual growth, localized regions of cell division
- Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into various tissues, gives rise to specialized below and aboveground organs

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15
Q

Cuticle

A

Present in many plants
- helps prevent desiccation and resistance to microbial attack

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16
Q

Epidermis

A

Covered with cuticle which consists of wax and other polymers

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17
Q

Stomata

A

Present in many plants
- Stomata have to be open for leaves to receive CO2
- Opening of stomata allows water to exit the leaf
- About 95% of the water a plant loses escapes through stomata

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18
Q

Mycorrhizae

A
  • Fossils from 420 mya reveal presence of endomycorrhizae, haustoria
  • Probably allowed first plants to absorb nutrients and water from soil
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19
Q

Production fo secondary metabolites

A

Products arising from the side-branches off the primary metabolic pathways eg. alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, flavonoids, capsaicin
- purpose is to deter herbivores

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20
Q

Where do we see the origin of the diversification of plants?

A
  • Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on land at least 475 mya
  • Fossilized spores and tissues have been extracted from 475 million-year-old rocks
  • Spores of ancient plants appear to be grouped rather than single grains
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21
Q

How is plant lineage decided?

A
  • Grouping based on the presence of absence of vascular tissue
    • vascular plants, nonvascular plants - bryophytes
  • Bryophytes are not a monophyletic group, relationships unresolved
22
Q

A seed

A
  • An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
  • Seed plants form a clade and can be divided into further clades
23
Q

Gymnosperms

A

The “naked seed” plants, including the conifers

24
Q

Angiosperms

A

The flowering plants

25
Q

What are nonvascular plants life cycles dominated by?

A

Gametophytes

26
Q

Bryophytes

A

Represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants
- Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
- Mosses, phylum Bryophyta
- Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta

27
Q

What is the dominant life in all three bryophyte phyla?

A

Haploid gametophytes are the dominant life history stage
- Larger and longer lived than sporophytes

28
Q

Sporophytes

A
  • Typically present only part of the time
  • Remain attached to the gametophyte and are dependent on it
29
Q

Are gametophytes tall or short?

A

They form in ground-hugging carpets because their structure is too delicate to support tall plants

30
Q

What is the height of gametophytes constrained by?

A

It is constrained by a lack of vascular tissue

31
Q

Rhizoids

A

Anchor gametophytes to the substrate

32
Q

Archegonia

A

What bryophyte sporophytes grow out of

33
Q

What do sporophytes consist of?

A

A foot, a seta (stalk), and a sporangium (capsule), which discharges spores through a peristome

34
Q

What is the importance of mosses?

A
  • Common in cold and wet environments
  • Moss bofs cover 3% of earth’s land surface
  • Peat moss, extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material
    - peat moss is an important global reservoir of
    organic carbon, contains 30% of soil carbon
35
Q

What were the first plants to grow tall?

A

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants
- Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution
- Vascular plants began to diversify during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods (425-300 mya)
- Vascular tissue allowed these plants to grow tall
- Seedless vascular plants have flagellated sperm and so are usually restricted to moist environments

36
Q

What is the origin of vascular plants?

A
  • First fossil recorded of vascular plants ~425 mya
  • Early vascular plants ~15cm tall
  • Did not have roots
  • Appearance of branching may have opened the way to more complex body plans
  • Competition for space and light probably drove evolution of form and function
37
Q

Why is life cycles with dominant sporophytes different than with bryophytes?

A

In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation

38
Q

Sporangium

A

The tissue where spores are formed

39
Q

Sporophylls

A

Modified leaves where sporanium are found

40
Q

Sorus

A

The clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls

41
Q

Homosporous

A

Produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte
- most seedless vascular plants are homosporous

42
Q

Heterosporous

A

Produce megaspores, which give rise to female gametophytes, and microspores, which give rise to male gametophytes
- all seed plants are heterosporous

43
Q

What do vascular tissues allow for?

A

Transport of water and nutrients between distant roots and shoots

44
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids

45
Q

Lignin

A

Strengthen water-conducting cells and provide structural support

46
Q

Phloem

A

Consists of living cells and distributes organic products

47
Q

What are the advantages of plants growing taller?

A
  • Taller plants could compete with other plants for sunlight
  • Spores of tall plants could disperse farther than those of short plants, tall plants could colonize new environments rapidly
  • Competition among vascular plants also increased, and taller plants were favored by natural selection, such as the trees that formed the first forests about 385 million years ago
48
Q

Roots

A

Organs that anchor and provide stability for taller vascular plants
- enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
- roots may have evolved from subterranean stems

49
Q

Leaves

A

Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis
- Leaves are categorized by two types
- Microphylls, leaves with a single vein
- Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched
vascular system

50
Q

Microphylls

A
  • According to one model of evolution, microphylls evolved as outgrowths of stems
  • Appear in fossil record about 410 mya
51
Q

Megaphylls

A
  • Megaphylls may have evolved as webbing between flattened branches
  • Appear in fossil record about 370 mya
52
Q

What plants formed the first forests?

A

The ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns grew to great heights during the Devonian and Carniferous

General Biology: OrganismL Biology and Evolution - Set 1 (23 decks)

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