Early Modern Medicine

Question 1

Who created the humours

Answer 1

Polybus (son-in-law of Hippocrates)

Question 2

4 humours:

Answer 2

• Blood=wet/hot
• Bile=dry/hot
• Phlegm=wet/cold
• Black bile=dry/cold

Question 3

What to do to maintain balance of humours

Answer 3

Follow Regimen & maintain the six non-naturals:

• environment
• exercise
• sleep
• evacuations
• emotions
• food&drink

Question 4

Why do women have periods?

Answer 4

a monthly evacuation of excess blood, which could lead to fevers
Some men also ‘menstruate’, ie nose bleeds etc=healthy

Question 5

Early modern view of men/women

Answer 5

=One-sex model
same anatomies, different temps& levels of perfection
-women don’t have enough heat to push gonads out of body

Question 6

Aristotelian model of sex

Answer 6

males active, women passive (men activate women)

only men produce seed= the soul, women contribute inert matter and act as incubator

Question 7

Hippocratic/Galenic model of sex

Answer 7

Hot vs cold- gonads in different places

Both produce seed, man’s is hotter & thicker

Question 8

Early modern views on female anatomy

Answer 8

Uterus was the ultimate frontier of anatomical knowledge- slightly scary and unknown, if you conquer it you know the most

Question 9

Why was Galen so dominant

Answer 9

egotistic and huge amounts of his writings survived

Question 10

Galen’s life

Answer 10

AD 129-216
Aim was to perfect what Hippocrates had left unfinished
Born in Pergamon, settled in Rome as physician (incl. to emperors)
In high demand from all over Europe

Question 11

Galen’s experimental methods

Answer 11

Dissected apes, sheep, pigs, goats etc

Even elephant heart

Question 12

What did Galen learn from dissections?

Answer 12

Good understanding of skeleton and muscles, internal human anatomy less accurate

Question 13

Human dissections in Greece

Answer 13

Looked down on- preserve the dignity of man

Question 14

Galen’s methods of treatment

Answer 14

Encouraged ‘heroic’ methods eg purges, blood letting etc

Question 15

Hippocrates’ methods of treatment

Answer 15

Wait and see what happens

Question 16

2 branches of medicine

Answer 16

Introduced by Arabs
practical healing=medicus
theoreticians=physicus

Question 17

Galen was good at

Answer 17

Prognosis- hid lack of treatment

Continued into 19th c.

Question 18

Theory behind blood letting

Answer 18

Illness=more fluid than normal

so need to eliminate excess

Question 19

First to dissect animals

Answer 19

Aristotle

-organs have a purpose

Question 20

Galen and drugs

Answer 20

Worked by placing on skin- enters through pores or has cooling/drying etc effect
on body
If ingested, acts as food so heats up body

Question 21

Galens view of how medicine should be done

Answer 21

A tactile science

-feel for heat, look at excretions etc

Question 22

Galen & Epidemiology

Answer 22

External environment causes disease

Question 23

Galen & experimental method

Answer 23

Should be repeated regularly to be sure of results

Question 24

Interpretation of Galen’s work

Answer 24

Said good doctor should understand philosophy, instead, taught philosophy first before specialising
A lot of experimental evidence removed from books- hard to spot he was wrong

Question 25

What happened to Galen's work after he died?

Answer 25

Arabs maintained, systematised and extended it | Dark ages europe, healing kept alive by monks

Question 26

Reintroduction of Galen to Europe

Answer 26

12th c. universities recovered islamic texts- first in Salerno, Italy

Question 27

Medicine in Middle ages to renaissance

Answer 27

Male dominated | -very experienced, god-fearing, sober, austere etc

Question 28

Surgeons vs Physicians

Answer 28

``` Surgeons= basically a butcher Physicians= books, experience, memory and good bedside manner ```

Question 29

Dissections in Europe

Answer 29

Sanctity of body so looked down on | Even up to 1832 in Britain

Question 30

First public dissection

Answer 30

1315, Bologna, Mondino de'Luzzi, on criminal

Question 31

Mondino's book

Answer 31

Anoatomia mundini | still focussed on Galen, mistakes copied

Question 32

Corpses first used in anatomy in England& Germany in

Answer 32

1550

Question 33

How physicians did dissections

Answer 33

Sat reading book, dictated what to do to surgeon

Question 34

Vesalius dates

Answer 34

1514-1564

Question 35

Vesalius book

Answer 35

De Fabrica Corporis Humani, 1543 | Contained accurate descriptions and illustrations of human anatomy

Question 36

Vasalius on Galen

Answer 36

Didn't approve- attacked him for using animals rather than humans

Question 37

Interests of Vesalius' successors

Answer 37

Observations- tried to beat each other on quality

Question 38

Gabriele Falloppio

Answer 38

Student of Vesalius | Studied skull, ear and female genitals

Question 39

Galen's view on blood

Answer 39

Cooked in liver, washed outwards by veins | Arteries came from heart

Question 40

Who proposed pulmonary circulation

Answer 40

Michael Servetus-1559 | from spain

Question 41

William Harvey

Answer 41

Studied in Cam believed blood moved in constant circular manner, heart=muscle book published 1628 Used logic and Galen's advice of experience

Question 42

Who developed body thermometer

Answer 42

Sanctorius sanctorius, 1561-1636

Question 43

Boerhaave's modelling of body

Answer 43

A plumbing network- free movement of fluids= healthy | early 18th c.

Question 44

Galvani & Volta's work

Answer 44

Passing electricity through frog and human limbs- muscle contraction from stimulation

Question 45

Result of popularity of post-mortems

Answer 45

Diseases became linked to certain organs | Baillie wrote book 1793 linking alcohol to liver damage

Question 46

stethoscope invented

Answer 46

1815

Question 47

Why did medicine not progress much from Galen for 1500 years?

Answer 47

Wanted to preserve humoural theory as looked up to ancients

Question 48

Less hands-on approach to medicine because

Answer 48

fear of contact between sexes- most doctors male so didn't want to properly examine females

Question 49

Purpose of mondino's dissections

Answer 49

demonstrate what the book says

Question 50

Purpose of Vesalius' dissections

Answer 50

Look himself, get away from the books, show off Galen's errors Followed Galen's example

Question 51

Printing introduced in

Answer 51

late 1400's

Question 52

Medical treatment in early modern period

Answer 52

Didn't change much from Galen's time

Question 53

Vivisection and experiments on live animals popular after

Answer 53

1600

Question 54

Who first properly used microscopes

Answer 54

Marcello Malpighi in 1660's

Question 55

Most famous microscope users

Answer 55

Hooke-1635-1703 | Leeuwenhoek-1632-1723

Question 56

mirco-organisms first discovered in

Answer 56

1676 by leeuwenhoek | shown to royal society

Question 57

disease theory in 1600's

Answer 57

spontaneous generation

Question 58

What caused increased interest in disease theory

Answer 58

Black death in 1348 | Syphilis

Question 59

Why didn't microbiology progress much

Answer 59

researchers weren't practicing doctors, so wasn't seen as useful

Question 60

Thomas Sydenham's view on medicine

Answer 60

research was irrelevant to therapy (17th c.)

Question 61

Descartes' view on medicine

Answer 61

increased knowledge of natural philosophy-> better medicine

Question 62

Teaching of medicine in early universities focused on

Answer 62

being able to remember things, being a good listener

Question 63

European Galenic medicine has

Answer 63

huge arabic and Aristotelian slant to it