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HPS > Early Modern Medicine > Flashcards

Early Modern Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the humours

A

Polybus (son-in-law of Hippocrates)

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2
Q

4 humours:

A
  • Blood=wet/hot
  • Bile=dry/hot
  • Phlegm=wet/cold
  • Black bile=dry/cold
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3
Q

What to do to maintain balance of humours

A

Follow Regimen & maintain the six non-naturals:

  • environment
  • exercise
  • sleep
  • evacuations
  • emotions
  • food&drink
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4
Q

Why do women have periods?

A

a monthly evacuation of excess blood, which could lead to fevers
Some men also ‘menstruate’, ie nose bleeds etc=healthy

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5
Q

Early modern view of men/women

A

=One-sex model
same anatomies, different temps& levels of perfection
-women don’t have enough heat to push gonads out of body

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6
Q

Aristotelian model of sex

A

males active, women passive (men activate women)

only men produce seed= the soul, women contribute inert matter and act as incubator

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7
Q

Hippocratic/Galenic model of sex

A

Hot vs cold- gonads in different places

Both produce seed, man’s is hotter & thicker

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8
Q

Early modern views on female anatomy

A

Uterus was the ultimate frontier of anatomical knowledge- slightly scary and unknown, if you conquer it you know the most

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9
Q

Why was Galen so dominant

A

egotistic and huge amounts of his writings survived

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10
Q

Galen’s life

A

AD 129-216
Aim was to perfect what Hippocrates had left unfinished
Born in Pergamon, settled in Rome as physician (incl. to emperors)
In high demand from all over Europe

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11
Q

Galen’s experimental methods

A

Dissected apes, sheep, pigs, goats etc

Even elephant heart

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12
Q

What did Galen learn from dissections?

A

Good understanding of skeleton and muscles, internal human anatomy less accurate

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13
Q

Human dissections in Greece

A

Looked down on- preserve the dignity of man

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14
Q

Galen’s methods of treatment

A

Encouraged ‘heroic’ methods eg purges, blood letting etc

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15
Q

Hippocrates’ methods of treatment

A

Wait and see what happens

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16
Q

2 branches of medicine

A

Introduced by Arabs
practical healing=medicus
theoreticians=physicus

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17
Q

Galen was good at

A

Prognosis- hid lack of treatment

Continued into 19th c.

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18
Q

Theory behind blood letting

A

Illness=more fluid than normal

so need to eliminate excess

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19
Q

First to dissect animals

A

Aristotle

-organs have a purpose

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20
Q

Galen and drugs

A

Worked by placing on skin- enters through pores or has cooling/drying etc effect
on body
If ingested, acts as food so heats up body

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21
Q

Galens view of how medicine should be done

A

A tactile science

-feel for heat, look at excretions etc

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22
Q

Galen & Epidemiology

A

External environment causes disease

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23
Q

Galen & experimental method

A

Should be repeated regularly to be sure of results

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24
Q

Interpretation of Galen’s work

A

Said good doctor should understand philosophy, instead, taught philosophy first before specialising
A lot of experimental evidence removed from books- hard to spot he was wrong

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25
Q

What happened to Galen’s work after he died?

A

Arabs maintained, systematised and extended it

Dark ages europe, healing kept alive by monks

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26
Q

Reintroduction of Galen to Europe

A

12th c. universities recovered islamic texts- first in Salerno, Italy

27
Q

Medicine in Middle ages to renaissance

A

Male dominated

-very experienced, god-fearing, sober, austere etc

28
Q

Surgeons vs Physicians

A 
Surgeons= basically a butcher
Physicians= books, experience, memory and good bedside manner
29
Q

Dissections in Europe

A

Sanctity of body so looked down on

Even up to 1832 in Britain

30
Q

First public dissection

A

1315, Bologna, Mondino de’Luzzi, on criminal

31
Q

Mondino’s book

A

Anoatomia mundini

still focussed on Galen, mistakes copied

32
Q

Corpses first used in anatomy in England& Germany in

A

1550

33
Q

How physicians did dissections

A

Sat reading book, dictated what to do to surgeon

34
Q

Vesalius dates

A

1514-1564

35
Q

Vesalius book

A

De Fabrica Corporis Humani, 1543

Contained accurate descriptions and illustrations of human anatomy

36
Q

Vasalius on Galen

A

Didn’t approve- attacked him for using animals rather than humans

37
Q

Interests of Vesalius’ successors

A

Observations- tried to beat each other on quality

38
Q

Gabriele Falloppio

A

Student of Vesalius

Studied skull, ear and female genitals

39
Q

Galen’s view on blood

A

Cooked in liver, washed outwards by veins

Arteries came from heart

40
Q

Who proposed pulmonary circulation

A

Michael Servetus-1559

from spain

41
Q

William Harvey

A

Studied in Cam
believed blood moved in constant circular manner, heart=muscle
book published 1628
Used logic and Galen’s advice of experience

42
Q

Who developed body thermometer

A

Sanctorius sanctorius, 1561-1636

43
Q

Boerhaave’s modelling of body

A

A plumbing network- free movement of fluids= healthy

early 18th c.

44
Q

Galvani & Volta’s work

A

Passing electricity through frog and human limbs- muscle contraction from stimulation

45
Q

Result of popularity of post-mortems

A

Diseases became linked to certain organs

Baillie wrote book 1793 linking alcohol to liver damage

46
Q

stethoscope invented

A

1815

47
Q

Why did medicine not progress much from Galen for 1500 years?

A

Wanted to preserve humoural theory as looked up to ancients

48
Q

Less hands-on approach to medicine because

A

fear of contact between sexes- most doctors male so didn’t want to properly examine females

49
Q

Purpose of mondino’s dissections

A

demonstrate what the book says

50
Q

Purpose of Vesalius’ dissections

A

Look himself, get away from the books, show off Galen’s errors
Followed Galen’s example

51
Q

Printing introduced in

A

late 1400’s

52
Q

Medical treatment in early modern period

A

Didn’t change much from Galen’s time

53
Q

Vivisection and experiments on live animals popular after

A

1600

54
Q

Who first properly used microscopes

A

Marcello Malpighi in 1660’s

55
Q

Most famous microscope users

A

Hooke-1635-1703

Leeuwenhoek-1632-1723

56
Q

mirco-organisms first discovered in

A

1676 by leeuwenhoek

shown to royal society

57
Q

disease theory in 1600’s

A

spontaneous generation

58
Q

What caused increased interest in disease theory

A

Black death in 1348

Syphilis

59
Q

Why didn’t microbiology progress much

A

researchers weren’t practicing doctors, so wasn’t seen as useful

60
Q

Thomas Sydenham’s view on medicine

A

research was irrelevant to therapy (17th c.)

61
Q

Descartes’ view on medicine

A

increased knowledge of natural philosophy-> better medicine

62
Q

Teaching of medicine in early universities focused on

A

being able to remember things, being a good listener

63
Q

European Galenic medicine has

A

huge arabic and Aristotelian slant to it

HPS (6 decks)

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