Chemistry

Question 1

Chemistry in 16th-17th c.’s

Answer 1

pretty stable

same basic equipment->little progress

Question 2

Newton introduced which concepts in early 18th c.

Answer 2

Existence of attractive and repulsive forces

Question 3

Stephen Hales work

Answer 3

1677-1791
Pneumatic trough
-analysed air given off in chemical reactions
-accounted reduction in air volume after burning to attractive forces

Question 4

Priestly’s most notable work

Answer 4

Used basic equipment skilfully to identify different gases

Question 5

Primary chemical theory at start of 18th c.

Answer 5

Phlogiston

-less=healthier air

Question 6

Instrument to measure healthiness of air (amount of phlogiston)

Answer 6

Eudiometer

Question 7

Priestly dates

Answer 7

1733-1804

Question 8

Lavoisier dates

Answer 8

1743-1794

Question 9

Who did Lavoisier work with

Answer 9

LaPlace= physicist

Question 10

Scottish chemists into instruments

Answer 10

Joseph Black, close to James Watt=instrument maker

Question 11

What did Black do?

Answer 11

Showed off instruments eg eudiometers to students in lectures to inspire them about utility of chem

Question 12

What was important to Black?

Answer 12

Standardisation of instruments

Question 13

Benefit of new, useful instruments

Answer 13

gave scientists a source of income

-eg water-impregnation machine by Priestly

Question 14

Fontana and Landriani

Answer 14

Created versions of eudiometer, and sold to patrons

could be used to monitor atmosphere and control people’s lives

Question 15

Revolution of what you need to do in chemistry

Answer 15

In order to convince people of facts, you need to show them evidence

Question 16

Lavoisier vs Priestly

Answer 16

Competing over who was right- no or yes to phlogiston, yes or no to revolutionising methods

Question 17

Lavoisier’s main instruments

Answer 17

• balance (weight)
• calorimeter (heat)
• gasometer (volume)

Question 18

Why could Lavoisier make new instruments

Answer 18

Was a tax collector, so had the money to pay instrument makers

Question 19

Why didn’t Priestly like what Lavoisier did?

Answer 19

Couldn’t afford to have new instruments

Question 20

Why did Lavoisier start making new instruments

Answer 20

inspired by more exact methods of more physical sciences

-interested in interdisciplinary work

Question 21

Lavoisier’s ice calormeter

Answer 21

Measures heat released by combustion& respiration

Question 22

How Lavoisier used instruments

Answer 22

More precise measurements

Proved the truthfulness of what he was saying to public eg. metal changes weight after burning

Question 23

Large beam balance

Answer 23

made by Fortin in 1788- most accurate measurement of weight

Question 24

English response to french developments

Answer 24

Disputed balances, realised they were good, so tried to reject disproval of phlogiston

Question 25

Inaccuracies of calorimeter

Answer 25

English first suggested it, was true

But experiments were never replicated with more accurate instruments for years

Question 26

Frog leg stimulation in 1791 led to

Answer 26

Davy created voltaic pile- used to first electrolyse water

Question 27

Reality of most chemists

Answer 27

Left with basic equipment

Academic and Artisinal chemistry were very seperate