early modern europe Flashcards
Italian peninsula
is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea
the medici family
Medici family, Italian bourgeois family that ruled Florence and, later, Tuscany during most of the period from 1434 to 1737, except for two brief intervals (from 1494 to 1512 and from 1527 to 1530).
florence
city in italy
humanism
a Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.
thomas aquinas
was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.
renaissance
the revival of art and literature under the influence of classical models in the 14th–16th centuries.
leonardo da vinci
Italian painter, scientist, and engineer. His paintings are notable for their use of the technique of sfumato and include The Virgin of the Rocks (1483–85), The Last Supper (1498), and the Mona Lisa (1504–05). He devoted himself to a wide range of other subjects, from anatomy and biology to mechanics and hydraulics: his 19 notebooks include studies of the human circulatory system and plans for a type of aircraft and a submarine.
michelangelo
(1475–1564), Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet; full name Michelangelo Buonarroti. A leading figure of the High Renaissance, Michelangelo established his reputation with sculptures such as the Pietà (c.1497–1500) and David (1501–04). Under papal patronage he decorated the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome (1508–12) and painted the fresco The Last Judgment (1536–41), both important mannerist works. His architectural achievements include the completion of St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome (1546–64).
system of patronage
a spoils system (also known as a patronage system) is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends (cronyism), and relatives (nepotism) as a reward for working toward victory
the printing press
The printing press was an invention by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1440s that started the Printing Revolution and changed the course of human history. It was a device that used movable metal type to print books and other materials faster and cheaper than hand-copying or hand-printing
martin luther
The 95 Theses are a document written by Martin Luther in 1517, which challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope, and the usefulness of indulgences. It is considered the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a significant religious movement that began in the 16th century, which led to the creation of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity.
the church of england
the English branch of the Western Christian Church, which combines Catholic and Protestant traditions, rejects the pope’s authority, and has the monarch as its titular head.
council of Trent
an ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in Trento in Italy. Prompted by the opposition of the Reformation, the council clarified and redefined the Church’s doctrine, abolished many ecclesiastical abuses, and strengthened the authority of the papacy.
spanish armada
when elizabeth the 1st fought Phillip II
