Early Medieval Flashcards
Council of Nicaea
“ Constantinople
“ Chalcedon
325
381
451
Fall of Rome
476
Pope Gregory I
R. 590 - 604
Hero pope - initiated the spread of Christianity to England and Spain, unified aspects of the liturgy
Benedict of Nursia
Founded a Monastery at Monte Cassino, south of Rome, in 529. Established the “Rule of St. Benedict”
The Merovingian dynasty
Meroveus, chief of the Franks
Clovis (481 - 511), his grandson, united all of Gaul
The Carolingian dynasty
Charles Martel (palace mayor)
King Pepin (r. 751-68), his son, granted the throne. “Donation of Pepin” created papal states.
Charles I (Charlemagne), Pepin’s son, crowned emperor in 800
Edict of Milan
Edict of Thessalonica
313 - Constantine I - Religious toleration
380 - Christianity made the official state religion
Types of Ancient Chant
Byzantine, Old Roman, Gregorian, Ambrosian, Gallican, Celtic, Mozarabic
Hours of Divine Office
Matins Lauds Prime Terce Sext None Vespers Compline
Antiphon
Liturgical chant used as a refrain between verses of a psalm or canticle
Origin of “Missa”
c.375 “Ite, missa est”
origin of the basic Mass format
c.1014 (Credo inserted by Benedict the 8th)
Ordinary and Proper (Liturgy of the Word)
Introit (P) Kyrie Gloria (Collect, Epistle) Gradual (P) Alleluia or Tract (P) Sequence (P) Credo
Centonization
the process of assembling preexisting melodic formulas to create a melody
Three types of troping
Adding words to melodies (I.E., Kyrie Orbis Factor)
Adding music to melismas
Adding music and words
Liber Ymnorum
c.880
a book of chant tropes assembled by Notker Balbulus
Jubilus
a textless, melismatic coda found at the end of most Alleluias
Sequences
Sprung from the jubilus of the Allelulia - 9th century troping - Reduced from thousands to just four at Council of Trent - Victimae Paschali Laudes, Lauda Sion, Veni Sancte Spiritus, and Dies Irae - then later, the Stabat Mater
Neume
Greek “neuma” - gesture
Feudalism
Began under Merovingians, widespread by the 12th century
Florid organum voices
Organal voice - duplum
Principal voice - tenor, or cantus firmus, on the bottom
Types of organum
Simple / composite (fourths, fifths, octaves)
Modified (not always parallel, with a unison occursus, or meeting, at the end)
Organum treatises
Musica enchiriadis
Scholica enchiriadis
(c.850-900)
Treaty of Verdun
843
- written in French and German
- led to the general outlines of Germany, France, Italy
Organum dates
9th century - 1250
Medieval modes
Each mode has a final and a dominant ( no Bs allowed) Dorian - D, A Hypodorian - D, F Phrygian - E, C Hypophrygian - E, A Lydian - F, C Hypolydian - F, A Mixolydian - G, D Hypomixolydian - G, C
Earliest written music - accent neumes
St. Gall, 9th century - earliest written manuscripts with lines, hooks, and curves - vertical graphical representations of a melodic line
East/west Church split - Pope vs. Patriarch
1054
Organum voices
Vox principalis (normally above) Vox organalis
Guido d’Arezzo
c. 990-1050
- Benedictine abbey at Pomposa, Italy
- invented the four-line staff with C and F
- wrote “ut queant laxis”
Schools of organum and 12th century polyphony
St. Martial (Aquitainian)
Santiago de Compostela
Notre Dame
Ordinary and Proper (Liturgy of the Eucharist)
Offertory (P) (Secret, Preface) Sanctus, Benedictus (Canon) Agnus Dei Communion (P) (Postcommunion) (Dismissal)
Medieval modes described
De harmonica institutione - Hucbald (c.840 - 930)
