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Music History / Orch. > Early Medieval > Flashcards

Early Medieval Flashcards

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1
Q

Council of Nicaea
“ Constantinople
“ Chalcedon

A

325
381
451

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2
Q

Fall of Rome

A

476

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3
Q

Pope Gregory I

A

R. 590 - 604

Hero pope - initiated the spread of Christianity to England and Spain, unified aspects of the liturgy

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4
Q

Benedict of Nursia

A

Founded a Monastery at Monte Cassino, south of Rome, in 529. Established the “Rule of St. Benedict”

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5
Q

The Merovingian dynasty

A

Meroveus, chief of the Franks

Clovis (481 - 511), his grandson, united all of Gaul

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6
Q

The Carolingian dynasty

A

Charles Martel (palace mayor)

King Pepin (r. 751-68), his son, granted the throne. “Donation of Pepin” created papal states.

Charles I (Charlemagne), Pepin’s son, crowned emperor in 800

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7
Q

Edict of Milan

Edict of Thessalonica

A

313 - Constantine I - Religious toleration

380 - Christianity made the official state religion

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8
Q

Types of Ancient Chant

A

Byzantine, Old Roman, Gregorian, Ambrosian, Gallican, Celtic, Mozarabic

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9
Q

Hours of Divine Office

A 
Matins
Lauds
Prime
Terce
Sext
None
Vespers
Compline
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10
Q

Antiphon

A

Liturgical chant used as a refrain between verses of a psalm or canticle

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11
Q

Origin of “Missa”

A

c.375 “Ite, missa est”

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12
Q

origin of the basic Mass format

A

c.1014 (Credo inserted by Benedict the 8th)

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13
Q

Ordinary and Proper (Liturgy of the Word)

A 
Introit (P)
Kyrie
Gloria
(Collect, Epistle)
Gradual (P)
Alleluia or Tract (P)
Sequence (P)
Credo
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14
Q

Centonization

A

the process of assembling preexisting melodic formulas to create a melody

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15
Q

Three types of troping

A

Adding words to melodies (I.E., Kyrie Orbis Factor)
Adding music to melismas
Adding music and words

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16
Q

Liber Ymnorum

A

c.880

a book of chant tropes assembled by Notker Balbulus

17
Q

Jubilus

A

a textless, melismatic coda found at the end of most Alleluias

18
Q

Sequences

A

Sprung from the jubilus of the Allelulia - 9th century troping - Reduced from thousands to just four at Council of Trent - Victimae Paschali Laudes, Lauda Sion, Veni Sancte Spiritus, and Dies Irae - then later, the Stabat Mater

19
Q

Neume

A

Greek “neuma” - gesture

20
Q

Feudalism

A

Began under Merovingians, widespread by the 12th century

21
Q

Florid organum voices

A

Organal voice - duplum

Principal voice - tenor, or cantus firmus, on the bottom

22
Q

Types of organum

A

Simple / composite (fourths, fifths, octaves)

Modified (not always parallel, with a unison occursus, or meeting, at the end)

23
Q

Organum treatises

A

Musica enchiriadis
Scholica enchiriadis
(c.850-900)

24
Q

Treaty of Verdun

A

843

  • written in French and German
  • led to the general outlines of Germany, France, Italy
25
Q

Organum dates

A

9th century - 1250

26
Q

Medieval modes

A 
Each mode has a final and a dominant ( no Bs allowed)
Dorian - D, A
Hypodorian - D, F
Phrygian - E, C
Hypophrygian - E, A
Lydian - F, C
Hypolydian - F, A
Mixolydian - G, D
Hypomixolydian - G, C
27
Q

Earliest written music - accent neumes

A

St. Gall, 9th century - earliest written manuscripts with lines, hooks, and curves - vertical graphical representations of a melodic line

28
Q

East/west Church split - Pope vs. Patriarch

A

1054

29
Q

Organum voices

A 
Vox principalis (normally above)
Vox organalis
30
Q

Guido d’Arezzo

A

c. 990-1050
- Benedictine abbey at Pomposa, Italy
- invented the four-line staff with C and F
- wrote “ut queant laxis”

31
Q

Schools of organum and 12th century polyphony

A

St. Martial (Aquitainian)
Santiago de Compostela
Notre Dame

32
Q

Ordinary and Proper (Liturgy of the Eucharist)

A 
Offertory (P)
(Secret, Preface)
Sanctus, Benedictus
(Canon)
Agnus Dei
Communion (P)
(Postcommunion)
(Dismissal)
33
Q

Medieval modes described

A

De harmonica institutione - Hucbald (c.840 - 930)

Music History / Orch. (12 decks)

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