Early Medieval

Question 1

Council of Nicaea
“ Constantinople
“ Chalcedon

Answer 1

325
381
451

Question 2

Fall of Rome

Answer 2

476

Question 3

Pope Gregory I

Answer 3

R. 590 - 604

Hero pope - initiated the spread of Christianity to England and Spain, unified aspects of the liturgy

Question 4

Benedict of Nursia

Answer 4

Founded a Monastery at Monte Cassino, south of Rome, in 529. Established the “Rule of St. Benedict”

Question 5

The Merovingian dynasty

Answer 5

Meroveus, chief of the Franks

Clovis (481 - 511), his grandson, united all of Gaul

Question 6

The Carolingian dynasty

Answer 6

Charles Martel (palace mayor)

King Pepin (r. 751-68), his son, granted the throne. “Donation of Pepin” created papal states.

Charles I (Charlemagne), Pepin’s son, crowned emperor in 800

Question 7

Edict of Milan

Edict of Thessalonica

Answer 7

313 - Constantine I - Religious toleration

380 - Christianity made the official state religion

Question 8

Types of Ancient Chant

Answer 8

Byzantine, Old Roman, Gregorian, Ambrosian, Gallican, Celtic, Mozarabic

Question 9

Hours of Divine Office

Answer 9

Matins
Lauds
Prime
Terce
Sext
None
Vespers
Compline

Question 10

Antiphon

Answer 10

Liturgical chant used as a refrain between verses of a psalm or canticle

Question 11

Origin of “Missa”

Answer 11

c.375 “Ite, missa est”

Question 12

origin of the basic Mass format

Answer 12

c.1014 (Credo inserted by Benedict the 8th)

Question 13

Ordinary and Proper (Liturgy of the Word)

Answer 13

Introit (P)
Kyrie
Gloria
(Collect, Epistle)
Gradual (P)
Alleluia or Tract (P)
Sequence (P)
Credo

Question 14

Centonization

Answer 14

the process of assembling preexisting melodic formulas to create a melody

Question 15

Three types of troping

Answer 15

Adding words to melodies (I.E., Kyrie Orbis Factor)
Adding music to melismas
Adding music and words

Question 16

Liber Ymnorum

Answer 16

c.880

a book of chant tropes assembled by Notker Balbulus

Question 17

Jubilus

Answer 17

a textless, melismatic coda found at the end of most Alleluias

Question 18

Sequences

Answer 18

Sprung from the jubilus of the Allelulia - 9th century troping - Reduced from thousands to just four at Council of Trent - Victimae Paschali Laudes, Lauda Sion, Veni Sancte Spiritus, and Dies Irae - then later, the Stabat Mater

Question 19

Neume

Answer 19

Greek “neuma” - gesture

Question 20

Feudalism

Answer 20

Began under Merovingians, widespread by the 12th century

Question 21

Florid organum voices

Answer 21

Organal voice - duplum

Principal voice - tenor, or cantus firmus, on the bottom

Question 22

Types of organum

Answer 22

Simple / composite (fourths, fifths, octaves)

Modified (not always parallel, with a unison occursus, or meeting, at the end)

Question 23

Organum treatises

Answer 23

Musica enchiriadis
Scholica enchiriadis
(c.850-900)

Question 24

Treaty of Verdun

Answer 24

843

• written in French and German
• led to the general outlines of Germany, France, Italy

Question 25

Organum dates

Answer 25

9th century - 1250

Question 26

Medieval modes

Answer 26

``` Each mode has a final and a dominant ( no Bs allowed) Dorian - D, A Hypodorian - D, F Phrygian - E, C Hypophrygian - E, A Lydian - F, C Hypolydian - F, A Mixolydian - G, D Hypomixolydian - G, C ```

Question 27

Earliest written music - accent neumes

Answer 27

St. Gall, 9th century - earliest written manuscripts with lines, hooks, and curves - vertical graphical representations of a melodic line

Question 28

East/west Church split - Pope vs. Patriarch

Answer 28

1054

Question 29

Organum voices

Answer 29

``` Vox principalis (normally above) Vox organalis ```

Question 30

Guido d'Arezzo

Answer 30

c. 990-1050 - Benedictine abbey at Pomposa, Italy - invented the four-line staff with C and F - wrote "ut queant laxis"

Question 31

Schools of organum and 12th century polyphony

Answer 31

St. Martial (Aquitainian) Santiago de Compostela Notre Dame

Question 32

Ordinary and Proper (Liturgy of the Eucharist)

Answer 32

``` Offertory (P) (Secret, Preface) Sanctus, Benedictus (Canon) Agnus Dei Communion (P) (Postcommunion) (Dismissal) ```

Question 33

Medieval modes described

Answer 33

De harmonica institutione - Hucbald (c.840 - 930)