13th century - Organum and secular music

Question 1

Conductus

Answer 1

Newly-composed settings of non-liturgical texts in Latin in one to four parts. Regular poetry = regular phrase length - strophic music

(Perotin, Beata Viscera)
(flourished c. 1200)

Question 2

Conductus performance

Answer 2

isosyllabic (each syllable is approximately equal)

modal (rhythmic modes from clausulae are imposed)

Question 3

Notre Dame Cathedral authorized

Answer 3

1160

Question 4

Johannes de Garlandia

Answer 4

De musica mensurabilii, 1240 - explained rhythmic modes

first to define musica ficta - used to avoid “the error of the third sound”

Question 5

Leonin

Answer 5

1135 - 1201 - credited with the Magnus Liber Organi

Question 6

Clausula

Answer 6

• a polyphonic section of chant in which all voices move at the same rate (even the tenor)
• normally in a melismatic section of the solo chant
• could be substituted

Question 7

Rondellus / Stimmtausch

Answer 7

the exchange of motives or phrases between voices (think of the pes in “Sumer is icumen in”)

Question 8

Perotin

Answer 8

(fl. 1190 - 1225)
- updated and improved many clausulae in the MLO
- three surviving organa quadrupla: Viderunt Omnes, Sederunt Principes, Mors - Christus Resurgens

Question 9

Viderunt Omnes / Sederunt Principes

Answer 9

1198 - Gradual for 1 January
/
1199 - Gradual for St. Stephen’s Day

Question 10

Rhythmic modes

Answer 10

I - Long short
II - Short long
III - Loong short long
IV - Short long loong
V - Loong loong loong
VI - Short short short

Question 11

Franco of Cologne

Answer 11

Ars cantus mensurabilis (c.1260) - created different note shapes - the double long, long, breve, and semibreve

(no binary time division)

Question 12

Motet origin

Answer 12

created when a literary trope (add. words) was added to the duplum of a clausula

Question 13

Motet after 1250

Answer 13

three-voice polytextual motet, came to replace conductus

Question 14

Choirbook notation

Answer 14

Duplum and triplum side to side, tenor on bottom of page

Question 15

Franconian motet

Answer 15

Very text-y, rhythmically active triplum - each melodic line in a different rhythmic mode

(Pucelete - je languis - Domino)

Question 16

Petrus de Cruce

Answer 16

(fl. c. 1270 - 1300)

Introduced more breve divisions - (four to seven semibreves per breve) - used dots of division to group semibreves - “Petronian” motets with very rapid triplum

Question 17

Sumer is icumen in

Answer 17

• Manuscript Harley 978
• Rota superimposed over a rondellus pes
• c.1250

Question 18

Hildegard von Bingen

Answer 18

(1098 - 1179) - Abbes of Rupertsberg

Question 19

Goliards

Answer 19

Rejects of religious life, responsible for the “Carmina Burana”

Question 20

Troubadors / Trouvéres

Answer 20

Southern France / northern France

Question 21

Formes fixes

Answer 21

Late thirteenth-century literary forms: Ballade, rondeau, virelai

Question 22

Kalenda Maya

Answer 22

Raimbaut de Vaquieras - a troubador dansa, dance song

Question 23

Rondeaux

Answer 23

ABaAabAB

- Prendes i garde

Question 24

Ballade

Answer 24

• A l’entrada del tens clar

- aabC

Question 25

Adam de la Halle

Answer 25

(Born c.1245) - greatest of the trouvéres - wrote Le jeu de Robin et de Marion and Dieus soit, a ballade

Question 26

Squarcalupi Codex

Answer 26

Manuscript source of 14th century Italian polyphony

Question 27

(Medieval) madrigal

Answer 27

From matricalis-mother tongue Italian polyphonic musical form Jacobo da Bologna - Non al suo amante, Fenice fu

Question 28

Caccia

Answer 28

Italian polyphonic form - two-voice unison canon Tosto che l'alba - from Squarcalupi codex

Question 29

Francesco Landini

Answer 29

Italian poet-composer, famous for his ballate Si dolce non sono Landini cadence

Question 30

English "carol"

Answer 30

Strophic dance song with a 'burden' at the beginning and end of each stanza Salva, sancta parens

Question 31

Laude spirituali

Answer 31

Songs of wandering penitents - strophic, with refrains Nonliturgical sacred monophony Gloria 'n Cielo

Question 32

Golden age of Minnesänger

Answer 32

1180 - 1230 Tannhäuser and Wolfram von Eschenbach - song contest at Wartburg in 1207

Question 33

St. Godric

Answer 33

(D. 1170) Saxon hermit, responsible for the earliest surviving vernacular English songs Crist and Sainte Marie

Question 34

Palästinlied

Answer 34

Walther von der Vogelweide Early example of bar form

Question 35

Cantigas de Santa Maria

Answer 35

Prepared c. 1250-80 Galician-Portuguese medieval music

Question 36

Magna Carta

Answer 36

1215 - Runnymede, London 63 demands for King John Origins of "Habeas corpus", fair trial, private property