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PS1101 Historical Perspectives > Early Foundations > Flashcards

Early Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Zeitgeist

A

Preceding factors act as a precursor for a certain discovery to be made

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2
Q

Matthew Effect

A

Attributes more success and credit to well known people
Causes inflation of their perceived impact

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3
Q

Presentism (Stocking, 1965)

A

Looks at the past and interprets them in the values and context of the present

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4
Q

Annism

A

Early civilisations relied on everyday practical knowledge to survive
Skill is based on manual labour

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5
Q

Socratic questioning principle

A

Deals with hypothetical scenarios and justification of belief
Constant questioning is needed to ensure answers come from within

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6
Q

Plato (427-347 BC) on variation

A

Objects seen are based on an ideal, which then becomes the template for other subsequent templates
Explains variation whilst having the same taxonomy

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7
Q

Plato (427-347 BC) on sleep and dreams

A

Ideal towards rational solving of problems and control of appetite
Dreams are where base appetites flourish, and pleasure and violence takes over

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8
Q

Rationalism

A

Sensory experiences are volatile and unpredictable
Inherent truths come from inherent knowledge

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9
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

To arrive at conclusions there must be statements wtith inherent truth
Conclusion is an assessment of one statement in relation to the truth

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10
Q

Scientific theories and deductive reasoning

A

Theories can be tested by using “a priori” innate facts to create more hypotheses based on conclusions

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11
Q

Syllogisms

A

Type of deductive reasoning
Uses two premises and a conclusion

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12
Q

Example of a syllogism

A

All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, and therefore Socrates is mortal

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13
Q

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

A

Showed early signs of empiricism
Developed inductive reasoning

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14
Q

Empiricism

A

The way of acquiring knowledge by cumulative perceptual experience

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15
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Sensory observations are taken and used to form a general conclusion
Accumulative in nature

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16
Q

Scientific theories and inductive reasoning

A

Uses observed phenomena to try and generalise and create scientific laws of nature

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17
Q

Example of inductive reasoning

A

Monday morning the sun rises, Tuesday morning the sun rises, so by inductive reasons the sun should rise on Wednesday morning

18
Q

Limitation of inductive reasoning

A

Just because something usually happens doesn’t mean it always will

19
Q

Entelechy (Aristotle)

A

Everything in nature has an innate function

20
Q

Aristotle’s four aspects of causation

A

Material, formal, efficient, final

21
Q

Aristotle’s geocentric model

A

All things are comrpised of earth, wind, fire and/or water
Air and fire came from the moon’s orbit
Earth is at the centre and other planets move around it

22
Q

Ptolemy’s modification of the geocentric model

A

Emphasised perfection and regularity through concentric circles

23
Q

Brain and behaviour in the Egyptians

A

Created canopic jars which only held essential organs for the afterlife
Documents show incidence of a relationship between brain damage and leg functionality
Provides early accounts of the brain’s importance in behaviour

24
Q

Plato’s view on characterstics of the soul

A

Inner essence, spiritual and basis of being and consciousness
Form-like and from the universe, but not physical
Emotions controlled by the heart

25
Q

Plato’s parts of the soul

A

Reasoning, done by the brain
Sensation, done by the heart
Appetite, done by the liver
Neck acts as a gateway to stop raw sensations contaminating pure reasoning in the brain

26
Q

Plato’s functions of the soul

A

Rational and immortal
Bodily needs have to be controlled, which requires energy
Considers long-term benefit of freeing the person from flesh
Inhibits desires

27
Q

Aristotle’s view on characteristics of the soul

A

Split into the heart and the brain

28
Q

Aristotle’s view on the heart

A

Animalistic and hot and essential for life
Connects to all parts of the body
Affected by emotion

29
Q

Aristotle’s view on the brain

A

Cools tempers of the heart
Secondary in creation
Not connected to all parts of the body
Unaffected by emotion, rational and insensitive

30
Q

Aristotle’s functions of the soul

A

Hierarchical in nature
All living things have souls
Souls determine the organism
Vegetative/nutritive soul
Sensitive and rational

31
Q

Aristotle on memory

A

Remembering is spontaneous
Recall is an active search into the past

32
Q

Aristotle’s laws of association

A

Contiguity, similarity, contrast, frequency

33
Q

Galen (130-200 CE) and ventricles

A

Brain ventricles are responsible for life
Spirits enter ventricles and produce different behaviours for different ventricles
Very influential in medieval and renaissance periods

34
Q

Augustine (354-430 CE)

A

Human discovery of truth or other scientific facts and knowledge is guided by divine illumination

35
Q

Medieval period

A

Aminism still prevalent
Science is approved by authorities
Reading and translations allowed for wider understanding but also controversial differences in interpretation

36
Q

Heliocentric model

A

Sun is centre of the universe
Observation was based on the naked eye until development of telescope

37
Q

Ockham’s razor

A

Strive for explanatory parsimony
Simple theories are easier to explain

38
Q

Parismony

A

Most complex ideas explained in the simplest of manners

39
Q

Jewish influences

A

Maimonides (1135-1204) attemped to reconcile faith and reason
Wrote “guide for the perplexed”

40
Q

Islamic influences

A

Avicenna (980-1037)
Humans have 7 interior senses and 5 external senses and active intellect
Wrote “the canon”, main medical textbook in europe for 500 years

41
Q

Middle ages

A

Attempts to bridge and modify philosophical thought to fit with the church

42
Q

St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

A

Sensory information is perceived inductively but doesn’t reveal information about universal truths
Faith and reason both lead to the ultimate reality of God

PS1101 Historical Perspectives (2 decks)

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