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Radiographic Protection and Radiobiology > Early effects of radiation > Flashcards

Early effects of radiation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Acute Exposure?

A

A Short-term, high-level exposure

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2
Q

What is a Chronic Exposure and what does it result in?

A

Long-term, low-level exposure; more genetic effects

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3
Q

What are somatic effects?

A

Biological damage from ionizing radiation to body cells, usually from hole body exposure

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4
Q

What does a non-stochastic effect mean?

A

The severity of the effect varies with the dose and for which a threshold value exists.

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5
Q

What are the 2 ways that the body responds to radiation dose?

A

Stochastic and non-stochastic (deterministic)

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6
Q

T/F

Stochastic effects appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation, and become more severe as the exposure increases.

A

False; non stochastic effects appear in cases of exposure to high levels of radiation, and become more severe as the exposure increases.

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7
Q

What is another word for non stochastic?

A

Deterministic

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8
Q

What does a stochastic effect mean?

A

Increased levels of exposure make these health effects more likely to occur (probability), but does not influence the type or severity of the effect.

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9
Q

T/F

Stochastic effects are typically associated with chronic exposure to radiation.

A

True

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10
Q

T/F

Stochastic effects are non-threshold.

A

True

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11
Q

What type of effect is this an example of?

Cancer, leukemia and genetic defects

A

Primary stochastic effects

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12
Q

What is this describing?

Biological damage from ionizing radiation to body cells, usually from hole body exposure

A

Somatic effects

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13
Q

T/F

Dose does not affect the severity of effect of somatic effects.

A

True

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14
Q

T/F

The severity of the dose for early deterministic effects are dose related.

A

True

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15
Q

How long does it take at minimum for early effects of radiation to appear?

A

Minutes

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16
Q

What condition is this?

When whole body is exposed to a large dose over short time of ionizing radiation

A

Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)

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17
Q

What induces ARS?

A

Exposure to nuclear weapons and nuclear energy fields

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of ARS?

A
  1. Prodromal Period
  2. Latent Period
  3. Manifest Period
  4. Recovery or death
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19
Q

What amount of radiation can induce ARS?

A

1 Gy (100 rad) delivered to total body

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20
Q

T/F

With ARS, Severity of symptoms is dose related

A

True

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21
Q

When do symptoms of ARS begin to appear?

A

Hours to a few days depending on the amount

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22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ARS in the Prodromal Stage?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia

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23
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Reduction in the white blood count

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24
Q

When does either recovery or lethal effects begin with ARS?

A

In the latent stage

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25
Q

What occurs in the latent stage of ARS?

A

The patient looks and feels generally healthy for a few hours or even up to a few weeks and subject is free of visible effects

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26
Q

If the latent stage lasts for hours/or less, approximelty how much radiation was the patient exposed to?

A

50 Gy

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27
Q

If the latent stage lasts for weeks approximelty how much radiation was the patient exposed to?

A

1-5 Gy

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28
Q

What syndromes appear during the Manifest Illness stage of ARS?

A
  1. Hematologic Syndrome (Bone Marrow Syndrome)
  2. Gastrointestinal Syndrome (GI)
  3. Central Nervous System Syndrome (CNS)
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29
Q

What do manifest illness sydromes appear as a result of?

A

Acute exposures over a short period of time

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30
Q

In the manifest illness stage, what is the type of syndome dependant upon?

A

Syndrome depends on how much you received

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31
Q

What does Hematopoietic Syndrome result from?

A

Whole body dose of 1 to 10 Gray

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32
Q

How long is the latent period with Hematopoietic Syndrome?

A

About 4 weeks, blood cells declining in number

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33
Q

What are the symptoms of Hematopoietic Syndrome in the manifest illness stage?

A

NVD, anorexia, malaise, lethargy & fever

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34
Q

At what dose recieved is survival possible for those with Hematopoietic Syndrome?

A

Survival possible range of 1-2 Gy

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35
Q

What is the primary cause of death for those with hematopoietic Syndrome?

A

Primary cause of death is the destruction of the bone marrow, resulting in infection and hemorrhage.

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36
Q

What is the survival range for those with hematopoietic Syndrome?

A

6-8 wks

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37
Q

What dose does Gastrointestinal Syndrome result from?

A

Whole body dose of 6 - 50 Gy

38
Q

What dose does Central Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular) result from?

39
Q

When does the prodominal peroid start and last with Gastrointestinal Syndrome?

A

Within hours, lasts ≤ 1 day

40
Q

How long does the prodominal peroid last with Central Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular)?

A

Lasts a few hours

41
Q

What part of the body does gastrointensinal sydrome affect?

A

Lining of GI tract and bone marrow

42
Q

What symptoms can occur from Central Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular)?

A

Blood vessel damage → intracranial pressure

43
Q

When does the Latent period begin for Gastrointestinal Syndrome?

A

2nd - 5th day of exposure

44
Q

When does th Manifest illness stage begin for Gastrointestinal Syndrome?

A

5th - 10th day of exposure

45
Q

What is the life expectancy range for gastrointestinal syndrome?

46
Q

What are the symptoms in the manifest illness stage for gastrointestinal syndrome?

A

lethargy, loss of appetite, malaise, anorexia, severe diarrhea, fever, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.

47
Q

What is the life expectancy range for Central Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular)?

A

Death in few hours to 3 days

48
Q

When does the latent peroid begin fo rCentral Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular)?

A

A few hours after exposure

49
Q

When does the manifest illness stage begin for Central Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular)?

A

5-6 hours after exposure

50
Q

What are the symptoms of the manifest illness stage for Central Nervous System Syndrome?

A

Convulsions, coma

51
Q

What sydrome causes this?

Death due to collapse of the circulatory system as well as increased pressure in the cranial vault as the result of increased fluid content caused by edema, vasculitis, and meningitis.

A

Central Nervous System Syndrome (Cerebrovascular)

52
Q

What is the Lethal Dose (LD)?

A

Signifies the whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of the exposed population within 30 days

53
Q

What is the lethal dose in humans without medical support?

A

Lethal dose 100 is 6 Gy (6000 mSv) without medical support.

54
Q

T/F

Humans with support have tolerated doses as high as 8.5 Gy.

55
Q

What did partial body effects result from?

A
  1. Radiotherapy
  2. Early pinoerrs of radiation
56
Q

What does partial body exposure lead to?

A
  1. Atrophy of organs and tissues
  2. Radiodermatitis
57
Q

What are the two types of recovery that can occur after partial body exposure?

A

Can be partial or complete

58
Q

What does organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depend on?

A
  1. Radiosensitivity
  2. Reproductive characteristics
  3. Growth rate
59
Q

What tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Male and female reproductive organs
  3. Bone marrow/circulatory system
60
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis (outer layer)
Dermis (middle layer)
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

61
Q

What is Radiodermatitis?

A

Reddening (erythema)of the skin that can eventually lead to cancerous lesions

62
Q

What amount of radiation can cause radiodermatitis? When do effects begin to appear?

A

Single Dose of 2 Gy (2000 mSv) 24 - 48hrs later

63
Q

What are the Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Skin?

A
  1. Radiodermatitis
  2. Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia)
64
Q

What are the two types of Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia)?

A
  1. Temporary
  2. Permenent
65
Q

What amount of radiation can cause temporary Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia)?

A

3 Gy-3000 mSv

66
Q

What dose can caues permenent Epilation or loss of hair (alopecia)?

A

(7 Gy) (7000 mSv)

67
Q

Is it highly radiosensitve or highly radioinsensitive?

Epithelial tissue

A

Highly radiosensitive

68
Q

Is it highly radiosensitve or highly radioinsensitive?

Muscle tissue

A

relatively insensitive

69
Q

Is it highly radiosensitve or highly radioinsensitive?

Reproductive cells

A

Highly radiosensitive

70
Q

What dose can depress sperm count?

A

0.1 Gy (100 mSv)

71
Q

What dose can delay or suppress menstruation

A

0.1 Gy (100 mSv)

72
Q

How often do sperm cells reproduce?

73
Q

What are the most sensitive cells in humans?

A

Lymphocytes

74
Q

What are the second most sensitive cells in humans?

A

Spermatogonia

75
Q

What is the Gonadal dose of ionizing radiation that will cause permanent sterility?

A

5 Gy (5000 mSv)

76
Q

What is the Gonadal dose of ionizing radiation that will cause temporary sterility up to 12 months?

A

2 Gy (2000 mSv)

Fertility will return however there could be chromosomal abnormalities

77
Q

What does Hematopoietic System consist of?

A

Bone marrow, circulating blood, and lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland)

78
Q

What do Pluripotential stem cells develop into?

A

Lymphocytes, granulocytes, platelets, erythrocytes

79
Q

At what stage is a fetus most sensitive?

A

First Trimester (3 months)

80
Q

What dose can cause death to a fetus in the preimplantation phase?

A

50 – 150 mSv

81
Q

What affects can result from irradiation to a fetus in the Major organogenesis stage?

A
  1. Abnormalities are congenital and include: growth inhibition, intellectual disabilities, microcephaly, genital deformities, sensory organ damage
  2. Can result in neonatal death (death at birth)
82
Q

What affects to a fetus can occur from irradiation during the fetal stage?

A
  1. Abnormalities can include cancer and functional disorders during childhood
  2. May lead to sterility
83
Q

What are the 3 Stages of gestation in humans?

A
  1. Preimplantation
  2. Organogenesis
  3. Fetal stage
84
Q

What is the Preimplantation stage?

A

Conception to 9 days, fertilized ovum

85
Q

What is the Organogenesis stage?

A

Starts at implantation, 10th day to 12th week post conception

86
Q

Prior to TLD’s how was occupational exposure tracked?

A
  1. Film badges
  2. Blood tests
87
Q

T/F

Whole-body dose of ionizing radiation as low as 0.25 Gy (250 mSv)would produce a measurable hematologic depression.

88
Q

0.5 Gy (500 mSv) can result in 0 lymphocytes and recovery takes a couple of months in what type of patients?

A
  1. Immunocompromised
  2. Radiation therapy patients
89
Q

Following irradiation, what is the life span for lymphocytes and erythrocytes?

A

Lymphocytes (few hours); Erythrocytes (up to 120 days)

90
Q

Pictures for understanding

Radiographic Protection and Radiobiology (11 decks)

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