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Embryology > Early Development & Organogenic Period > Flashcards

Early Development & Organogenic Period Flashcards

1
Q

The formation of a trilaminar embryo occurs in what stage of embryonic development?

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

During fertilization, the spermatozoa enters the ovum by puncturing what noncellular structure?

A

Zone pellucida

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3
Q

What is a morula?

A

16-cell mass

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4
Q

What fluid filled cavity is formed from the permeation of fluid into a morula?

A

Blastocoele

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5
Q

Which structure gives rise to the placenta?

A

Trophoblast

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6
Q

What is the Heusers membrane?

A

Hypoblast cells lining the blastocyst cavity

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7
Q

What will give rise to the future site of the umbilical cord in the embryoblast?

A

Connecting stalk

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8
Q

What does the epiblast subdivide into?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, set of 3 different germ cells that differentiate into specific and distinct tissues

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9
Q

The bilaminar embryo becomes polarized by which structure that will also give rise to the mouth?

A

Prechordal plate

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10
Q

What is the group of specialized cells that migrate through the primitive node towards the prechordal plate?

A

Notochordal process

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11
Q

The mesoderm migrates cranial and lateral to the prechordal plate to become?

A

The cardiogenic mesoderm

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12
Q

What is the most common neonatal tumor that arises from the primitive streak?

A

Teratoma

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13
Q

The right-left patterning of the body is influenced by what signaling molecule?

A

Nodal

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14
Q

What can primary cilliary dyskinesia result in?

A

Situs inversus

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15
Q

What is caudal dysgenesis also known as?

A

Sacral agenesis syndrome

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16
Q

There are simultaneous processes occurring regarding the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, what are they?

A
  1. Ectoderm is folding to create the neural tube, central nervous system and epidermis of the skin
  2. Mesoderm (paraxial) into somites which are part of the musculoskeletal system. Intermediate mesoderm into urogenital system
    Lateral plate mesoderm into supporting tissues of gastrointestinal tract, body wall and limbs
  3. Endoderm into continuous tube called gut tube which will become lining of gastrointestinal, urogenital and respiratory systems
17
Q

The CNS is derived from which embryonic layer?

A

Ectoderm

18
Q

The urogenital system is derived from which embryonic layer?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

19
Q

The neural ganglia arises from which embryonic structure?

A

Neural crest

20
Q

The failure of neuropore closure results in what congenital defect that is not compatible with life?

A

Anencephaly

21
Q

The failure of the neural folds to close on time prevents the vertebrae from forming properly. What is the congenital defect that may result from this delay, which is usually mild and typically has no associated CNS deficits?

A

Spina bifida occulta

22
Q

What are the 4 types of spina bifida?

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. Spina bifida meningocele
  3. Spina bifida meningomyelocele
  4. Myeloschisis/ rachescis (closed neural tube defects)
23
Q

What are the divisions of somites?

A 
4 occipital 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral and coccygeal
24
Q

Somites come from the paraxial mesoderm, what three regions do they split into that come up with 3 distinctive sets of structures?

A
  1. Dermatome: dermis
  2. Myotome: muscles of back, trunk and limbs
  3. Sclerotome: vertebrae, intervertebral discs, meninges and ribs
25
Q

WT1 gene expressions are important in the normal developmental the intermediate mesoderm. What occurs when there are mutations?

A

Abnormalities in the development of structures that arise from the intermediate mesoderm. WT1 mutations are associated with renal agenesis and gonal dysgenesis. The myocardium in patients with this mutation is thinner than normal WT1

26
Q

The ribs arise from what region of the somite?

A

Lateral sclerotome

27
Q

The nephrogenic cord arises from which embryonic layer?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

28
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom split the lateral plate mesoderm into?

A

An upper portion: somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm (in contact with amniotic cavity and ectoderm)
The somatopleure

Lower portion: visceral layer of the lateral plate mesoderm (in contact with the endoderm)
The splanchnopleure

29
Q

The lateral mesoderm is responsible for the formation of?

A

Limbs, myotome, heart, lungs and different intra-abdominal organs.

30
Q

The dorsal mesentery, which suspends the gut tube, is a remnant of which embryonic layer?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

31
Q

The central mesentery disappears everywhere except at the liver during embryonic development and it persists after birth as what structure?

A

Falciform ligament

32
Q

The heart usually begins to beat between what embryonic age?

A

Day 20-25

Embryology (4 decks)

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