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Gastrointestinal System > Early Development of the GIT & Anatomy of Esophagus > Flashcards

Early Development of the GIT & Anatomy of Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different stages of the primitive gut during the longitudinal folding?

A

Pre-somite embryo
Embryo with 7 somites
Embryo with 14 somites

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2
Q

What are the two different folding formations of the primitive gut?

A

Longitudinal and transverse

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3
Q

Which protein is related to stomach and esophagus formation?

A

CSOX2

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4
Q

Which protein is related to pancreas development?

A

PDX1

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5
Q

Which protein is related to liver development?

A

HOX

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6
Q

Which protein is related to vitalline duct development?

A

CDXC

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7
Q

What is the primitive gut lined with?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

What is the endoderm that lines the primitive gut supported by?

A

Intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Tissue lining of digestive tract (epithelium)
The parenchyma or secretory cells of the glands that open into the digestive system

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10
Q

The parenchyma or secretory cells of which organs’ glands are made by the endoderm?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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11
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

The smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Blood vessels

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12
Q

What does the foregut give rise to?

A

Respiratory tree
Esophagus
Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Duodenum

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13
Q

Which parts of the duodenum arise from the foregut?

A

The first part and the first half of the second part, as far as the entrance of the common bile duct

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14
Q

Which parts of the respiratory tree give rise to what?

A

Anterior part –> trachea and lungs
Posterior part –> oesophagus

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15
Q

Which major blood vessels supply the foregut?

A

Aortic arches
Dorsal aorta
Celiac trunk

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16
Q

At what point does the celiac trunk supply the foregut?

A

T12

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17
Q

What is the neural innovation of the foregut?

A

Parasympathetic –> vagus nerve
Sympathetic –> Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve (T5 to T9)

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18
Q

Which part of the mediastinum will the oesophagus run across?

A

Through the superior and into the inferior mediastinum

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19
Q

Which major blood vessel is the midgut supplied by?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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20
Q

Which major blood vessel is the hindgut supplied by?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

What causes the gradual separation between the foregut and the respiratory diverticulum?

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

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22
Q

What structures arise once the tracheoesophageal septum is formed?

A

Pharynx
Trachea
Lung buds
Esophagus

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23
Q

The respiratory system is what compared to the primitive foregut?

A

Respiratory system is an outgrowth of the primitive foregut

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24
Q

Where does the respiratory diverticulum arise from?

A

The cranial part of the primitive foregut

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25
Q

What is caused by oesophageal Artesia or tracheoesophageaal fistula?

A

Polyhydramnios
–> Proximal blind-end of oesophagus
–> OR Communication between oesophagus and trachea

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26
Q

What is the result of elongation of the oesophagus?

A

The stomach will be pushed towards the abdominal cavity, from the cervical region

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27
Q

What is congenital hiatal hernia?

A

Failure of the oesophagus to elongate, pulling the stomach through the oesophageal opening

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28
Q

What is a common sign of congenital hiatal hernia?

A

Heartburn sensation

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29
Q

At what level does the oesophagus enter the diaphragm?

A

T10, left of the median plate

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30
Q

What is the process of occlusion and recanalization of the foregut?

A

The epithelium of the tube (endoderm) will proliferate rapidly and fill the lumen

Appearance of vacuoles with degeneration of epithelial cells occur

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31
Q

What can failure of recanalization lead to?

A

Artesia or stenosis

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32
Q

What is oesophageal stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the esophagus due to incomplete or partial re-canalization of lumen

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33
Q

What can oesophageal stenosis lead to?

A

Poor vacuole formation (level of section E1)
Narrow lumen (level of section E3)

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34
Q

What is oesophageal artesia?

A

Failure of the lumen to recanalize

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35
Q

What can oesophageal artesia lead to?

A

No vacuole formation (level of section F1)
Transverse septum (level of section F3)

36
Q

What is the stomach attached to the dorsal abdominal wall by?

A

Dorsal mesogastrium

37
Q

What is the stomach attached to the ventral abdominal wall by?

A

Ventral mesogastrium

38
Q

What is the mesogastrium?

A

Double layer peritonium

39
Q

When does the growth and the rotation of the stomach occur?

A

Week 5 to 6

40
Q

Why does the rotation of the stomach occur?

A

The dorsal wall grows more rapidly that the ventral –> greater curvature will be on the left

41
Q

What is the process of the growth and rotation of the stomach?

A

The stomach rotates 90o clockwise around its longitudinal axis

42
Q

In which axis direction does the stomach rotate?

A

Anteroposterior axis

43
Q

After the rotation of the stomach where will the right vagal nerve be?

A

Towards the back

44
Q

What is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Food transportation, no digestion

45
Q

Where does the esophagus begin?

A

At C6, a continuation of the pharynx
Follows the curve of the vertebral column

46
Q

Where does the oesophagus run across?

A

Runs in the posterior mediastinum, across the superior and into the inferior sections

47
Q

Where does the oesophagus also pass through?

A

The superior thoracic aperture

48
Q

Where does the change in the mucosa from oesophageal to gastric occur?

A

Esophagogastric junction at T11

49
Q

Where is the inferior oesophageal sphincter located?

A

Above the esophagogastric junction

50
Q

What is the function of the inferior oesophageal sphincter?

A

Physiological prevents reflux, requires a stimulus from autonomic system

51
Q

What are the different parts of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal

52
Q

Which oesophageal part is the longest?

A

Thoracic part

53
Q

What are the three natural constrictions of the oesophagus?

A
  1. Junction between pharynx and oesophagus
  2. By left principal bronchus and aortic arch
  3. At oesophageal hiatus
54
Q

Where are the natural constrictions located?

A

Junction between pharynx and oesophagus –> C6

Left principal bronchus and aortic arch –> T4/T5

Eosphageal hiatus –> T10

55
Q

What is the arterial supply for the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid artery comes from the thyrocervical trunk

56
Q

What is the arterial supply of the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Descending thoracic artery

57
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lower 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Left gastric artery comes from the celiac trunk

58
Q

What is the venous drainage of the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Inferior thyroid veins –> systemic venous system, will eventually drain into brachiocephalic

59
Q

What is the venous drainage for the middle 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Azygous and hemizygous veins

60
Q

What is the venous drainage for the lower 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Left gastric vein –> will end up in the portal vein circulation system!!

Drains the lower end of the oesophagus and the fundus of the stomach

61
Q

What happens in case of oesophageal hypertension?

A

Blood does not smoothly return to the liver so alternative options are activated

One of: anastomosis –> can lead to dilation and congestion

Results in: Oesophageal varices

62
Q

What will be the result/ sign of oesophageal varices endoscopic view?

A

Bleeding caused by the rupture of veins

63
Q

What is the lymph drainage for the upper 1/3 of the oesophagus?

A

Deep cervical nodes

64
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the middle 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

Superior and posterior mediastinal nodes.

65
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A

Left gastric blood vessels and celiac nodes

66
Q

Why is lymph drainage and its location important?

A

In case of cancers, when doing biopsy you will have to check the other organs that drain into the same region in case of metastasis or spread

67
Q

What is the innervation of the oesophagus?

A

Parasympathetic –> Right and left vagal nerves (X)

Sympathetic –> Fibres of the inferior cervical and thoracic ganglia

68
Q

What is the purpose of villi in the small intestine?

A

To increase the mucosal surface

69
Q

What are the layers of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium
Lamina propia
Muscularis mucosa

70
Q

What is the function of the epithelium layer?

A

Protection and absorption

71
Q

What is the function of the lamina propria?

A

Support

72
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa?

A

Mucosal motility

73
Q

What is the function of glands?

A

Secretion

74
Q

What are the components of the submucosa?

A

Glands
Submucosal (Meissner) plexus

75
Q

What are the components of the muscularis layer?

A

Inner - circular
Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus
Outer - longitudinal

76
Q

What is the function of the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis?

A

Motility

77
Q

What is the function of serosa?

A

Support

78
Q

What is the serosa?

A

A covering in the peritoneum

79
Q

What is the ‘serosa’ of the esophagus?

A

Adventia

80
Q

What is the histology of the epithelium layer of the mucosa?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

What is the histology of the lamina propria layer of the mucosa?

A

Loose CT, vessels and glands

82
Q

What is the histology of the muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa?

A

Contains smooth muscles

83
Q

What is the histology of the oesophageal glands of the submucosa?

A

Mucus-secreting glands, protect mucosa

84
Q

What is the histology of the oesophageal cardiac glands of the submucosa?

A

Additional mucus-secreting glands in the lamina propria, protect against stomach acid

85
Q

What is the histology of the muscularis layer of the oesophagus?

A

Striated (skeletal muscles) in the upper two-thirds and innervated by vagus

Smooth in the lower third and innervated by splanchnic plexus

86
Q

What is specific about the skeletal muscles in the upper two thirds of the oesophagus?

A

Even though skeletal muscles are usually voluntary, these are involuntary.

87
Q

What is the histology of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Gastrointestinal System (28 decks)

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