Early Development and Childhood Flashcards
What is child development?
THe long term process by which a child grows in many skills inlcuding more complex movement, congitive understadning, emotions and relationships with others.
What are the four main domains of child development?
Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Speech/language
Social
What is part of gross motor development?
Use of larger muscle groups for posture and movement such as walking and sitting
Muscle groups near the head develop first, e.g can hold their own head up before they can walk
What is part of fine motor development?
Small muscle groups in hands and fingers, allows to pick up small objectives
What is part of language and communication development?
Ability to understand others - receptive
Express onself - expressive
Verbal and non-verbal communication skills
What is part of social development?
Childs interaction with family members and others
What is important to remember about development pace and variation?
All children undergoe the same development stages in the same consequential order.
However the pace and timing when they undergoe each stage varies.
How is abnormal delayed development time span identified?
If the child has not developed that skill within the time period when 90% of babies have already achieved that milestone.
What are the average time’s for babies to develop certain motor skills?
Sitting with support -7.6 months
Standing with support - 9.4 months
Hands and knees crawling - 10.5 months
Standing alone - 13.4 months
Walking alone - 14.4 months
Why is it important to know the normal ranges of development periods?
Reassurance of normalilty
Recognition of abnormalities such as specific/global motor delays.
Guide patient and family education on what stage of development the child is in an what activites should aid their development.
What should be considered regarding the cause of an abnormality when it is identified in a child?
If the delay is isolated or syndromic
If the cause is organic (genetic)
If the cause is social (safeguarding concerns, social inequalities)
What health and developmental review takes place between birth and 72 hours?
Full physical exam - eyes, heart, hips and testes
What health and developmental review takes place at 5 days old?
Blood spot test - is a heel prick test, tests for nine conditions including sickle cell disease and cystic fibrosis
What health and developmental review takes place at 2 weeks of development?
Health Visitor Check
Parental bonding
Birth weight and weight of baby - normally loses 10% of weight when a new newborn but that regains within the first 2 weeks.
What health and developmental review takes place between 6 and 8 weeks of development?
Conducted by GP
Checks eyes, heart, hips and testes
Discuss the first vaccines
What health and developmental review takes place between 9 and 12 months?
Health visitor review (langauge, learning, safety, diet and behaviour)
What health and development review happens at 2 1/2 years of age?
health visitor review
_check development, healthy eating, keepting active, dental hygiene and safety.
What health and development reviews happen at 4-6 yrs?
School nurse - safeguarding role, identify risk taking behaviour, lifestyle advice, support people with long term health needs, develop self care and knowledge on how to access health services.
What happens in a health visitor check?
When a health visitor visits you and the baby at home.
give advice on early care for the infant and the parents until the child is aged five yrs old.
Infant - safe sleep, sudden infant death syndrome, growth and development
Parents - secual health, communication, support groups, local support groups.
What are the different neonatal reflexes?
Breathing - taking first breath
Rooting - touching babies face causes it to turn head and open mouth
Sucking - touching mouth simulates sucking
Moro reflex - startle reflex to fling arms and legs upwards
Babinski reflex - stroking foot causes toes to turn and fan out
Swimming reflex - moves arms + legs and holds breath when submerged underwater
Stepping reflex - makes walking movements when held and feet touch the surface
Grasping reflex - grasps objects placed in hand
Why are neonatal reflexes important?
Should be present at birth, are primitive survival reflexes, essential for early nutrients and survival in potentially danagerous situations.
Note these reflexes should stop by four to six months, if this does not happen then there is a risk that the CNS is damaged as involuntary reflexes are not replaced by voluntary action.
What is bonding in terms of a mother and a child?
The emotional connection that the carer feels towards baby.
This is an intense connection, encourages the mother to love, protect and care their baby.
What is the attachment bond in terms of a baby and the mother?
The bidirection relationship between the carer and the baby.
Forms when the carer meets the emotional and physical needs, nuturing the infant.
The infants behavioural responses encourage further interaction from the care giver
Enables the baby to feel safe and encourages bonding
Security of attachment is foundation for the emotional wellbeing.
What are the four different stages of attachment?
Pre-attachment - birth to 6 weeks, no attachment to specific caregiver, wants attention from any individual.
Indiscriminate - 6 weeks to 7 months, infant begins to show preferences for primary and secondary caregivers, enjoy human company over objects.
Discriminate - 7 months plus, stronger attachement to one figure
Mutliple - 10 months + growing bond with other caregivers.
What is the circle of security in relation to secure attachment theory?
The child forms a specific attachment toa care giver, this forms the internal working model of relationships for their future.
The caregiver acts as a secure base, the child is comfortable to leave and explore their environment, this encourages learning and development.
The child can then return to the care giver who acts as a safe haven, this encourages the child to explore more as they feel confident that they can continue to leave and that their needs will still be met when they return.
What are the four different attachment styles?
Secure - low avoidance + low anxiety, comfortable with intimacy, easily makes relationships, can rely on others and is happy with others relying on them
Avoidance- high avoidance, low anxiety, uncomfortbale with intimacy, values independence and freedome, difficult to develop trust, prefers being around people who do not depend on them.
Anxious - low avoidance and high anxiety, craves closeness and intimacy, insecure around relationships, often thinks others are more reluctant to be intimate with them, worries that they will be abandoned
Fearful - high avoidant and high anxiety, uncomfortable with intimacy, worries about partners commitment and love, difficult to develop trust and worries about getting hurt by others
What are the four attachment styles and how do they relate to emotional connection and anxiety?
Secure - high emotional connection and low anxiety
Anxious - high emotional connection and high anxiety
Avoidant - low emotional connection and low anxiety
Disorganised - low emotional connection and high anxiety
How might the different attachment styles be identified in children of young age, e.g in school?
Secure - content and engaged in a task
Avoidant - withdrawn and anxious
Ambivalent (anxious) - often not focused, insecure, ask a lot of questions, more needy
Disorganised - angry, depressed, not following directions, short fuse, difficulty making friends.
Give an overview of secure attachment?
65% of people
Are generally secure, explorative and happy.
Care giver met needs quickly, consistently and sensitivly.
Child believes that their needs will be met, and has more trust
Give an overview of avoidant attachment.
20% of people
Not very explorative and are emotionally distant
Care giver was likley distant and disengaged
Subconsciously believes that their needs won’t be met
Give an overview of ambivalent (anxious) attachment
10-15% of people
Are often anxious, insecure and angry.
Care giver response was likley inconsistent, sometimes sensitive and sometimes neglectful
Cannot rely on their needs being met.
Give an overview of disorganised attachment.
10-15% of people
Are often depressed, angry, completly passive and non-responsive in style
Care giver response was likley extremely erratic, frightened/frightening, passive or intrusice
Child is severely confused with no stratergy to meet his/her needs.
What factors can affect the childs style of attachment/ability to form attachment?
Income
Family size
Parental age
Parental education
Major stressful events
Sever illness
Genetic differences
Early multiple caregivers and their behaviour
Neurological abnormalities.
What might the midwife recommend that the mother does to promote secure attachment early?
Skin to skin after birth
Breastfeeding
Watching the baby’s face when feeding
Talking/laughing with the baby
Eye contact with baby
Learning cues to tend to baby’s physical needs.
What can lead to insecure attachment and how does it often present?
Care givers regularly fail to meet babys needs
Babies develop anxious and ambivalent attachment patterns
More likley to be stressed
Less confident with relationship around peers
More likley to have emotional and behavioural problems.
What questions might a health worker ask about the baby to determine if it has good attachment?
Does it appear alert
Does it respond to people
Does it show interest in the human face
Is it able to signal discomfort
Can it be easily comforted
What questions might a health care worker ask about the parent to determine the attachment of the baby?
Do they respond to the infants vocalisations?
Do they change their voice tone when talking to or about the baby?
Engage in face to face contact with the baby?
Enjoy close physical contact with the baby?
Demonstrate the ability to comfort the infant?
What are the key milestones in social development?
2m social smile
3m recognise mother
6m stranger anxiety
9m waves bye bye
12m comes when called, simple ball games
18m copies parents in tasks
2yrs asks for things they want
3yrs shares toys, knowns full name and gender
4yrs plays cooperativly in a group, goes to the toilet alone
5yrs - helps in household taks, dressing and undressing
What are the key parts of langauge development?
Heavily influenced by the infants environment
Speech production
Speech understanding
Often develop a receptive ability before and expressive ability.
This acts as a sensory input and social skill.
What are the key stages in language development?
1m alerts to sounds
3m coos (musical vowel sounds)
4m laugh loud
6m monosyllables ma,da, pa
9m bisyllables such as mama, dada
12m one or two words with meaning
18 m 8-10 words vocabularly
2yrs 2tp 3 sensenses with simple pronouns
3yrs ask questions
4 yrs says a song, poem or tells stories
5yrs asks the meaning of words
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a six week old infant?
Fixes and follows - watches caregiver as they move around the room
Social smile - to objects or people, any kind of stimuli
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 6 month old baby?
Gross motor - head control, may have lost some primitve reflexes. sits with support
Fine motor and vision - reaches for objectes, palmar grasps
Speech and hearing - babbles
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 12 month od infant?
Gross motor - by eight montshs should sit without support, crawl/bum shuffles, pull to stand, crusing or first steps
Fine motor - pincer grasp, object permanency, follow small objects.
Speech - intentional babbling, first words at 12 months
Social - stranger awareness, understand basic commands, able to use some objects appropriatly.
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 18 months old baby?
Gross motor - walk well, stop and retrieve objects, climbing
Fine motor and vision - tower 2-3 cubes, scribbles on paper
Speech and hearing - speaks 6 to 12 words, understands sibling names, and common words important to them
Social - use a spoon, symbolic play, indicates what they want without crying
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 2 yrs olf?
Gross motor - climb staris 2 feet per step, kick ball
Fine motor - copies vertical line, tower 8 brickes
Speech and hearing - 2-3 word sentences, knowns 5-6 body parts, preference over toys
Social - parallel play (alongside but not with other children), tantrums, removes a garment.
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 3 yr olds child?
Gross motor - throws overhand, walks upstairs using alternate feet
Fine motor - drawing to represent things but not accurate, pencil grip, recognise primary colours
Social - eats with a spoon and fork, make believe play with peers or alone, starts to understand past and present
Speech - large vocabularly, idea of self, asking questions
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 4yrs old?
Gross motor - can hop and stand on 1 foot, increasing ball skills, navigates self
Fine motor - basic stick man style drawings, name primary colours
Social - idependent and strong willed, shows sympathy
Speech - home adress, age, counts up to 20
What are some key developmental skills that should be present in a 5 yrs old?
Gross motor - walks easily on a narrow line, good at sports
Fine motor - builds elaborate models with imagination, pictures have lots of detail, can copy basic shapes
Social - washes and dries face alone, undresses and dresses alone, appreciates the meaning of time
Social - enjoys jokes and riddles, very peer led.
What are some prenatal risk factors for abnormal development?
Genetic
Vascular
Metabolic
Taratogenic- drug, alcohol, anticonvulsants (mother)
Infection -viral.
What is the difference between pre and perinatal?
Perinatal - includes during and immeditaly after child birth
Prenatal - before birth
What are some perinatal risk factors for abnormal development?
Prematurity
Birth asphyxia
Metabolic
Low birth weight
What are some post natal risk factors for abnormal development?
INfection - meningitis
Anoxia - total oxygen deprivation
trauma
Metabolic - hyperbilirubinemia
Vascular
What are some family and social risk factors for abnormal development?
Poverty
Neglect
Low maternal education
Inadequate parenting
Lack of opportunities
Lack of positive reinforcement
Disadvatanged communites
Lack of community
What are some red flags of development at 12 weeks?
head lag when pulled to sit beyond tweleve weeks
Silent
Not smiling by 8-10 weeks
Not fixing and following by 8-10 weels
What are some red flags of development at 4yrs old?
Unintelligable speech
Loss of motor, speech or social skills (regression
