Early cultural landscapes

Question 1

what time period is classified as early cultural landscapes

Answer 1

2017 CE

Question 2

what is BC

Answer 2

before christ

Question 3

what is AD

Answer 3

anno domini = latin for year of our lord

Question 4

what does CE stand for?

Answer 4

common era

Question 5

what does BCE stand for?

Answer 5

Before common era

Question 6

when does culture develop

Answer 6

• result of certain level of stability - music, art architecture, painting

Question 7

what are 4 characteristics of early landscapes

Answer 7

1. original ‘ Place makers”
2. psychological need to shape earth
3. orientation to celestial reference points
4. symbolism

Question 8

what does genuis loci mean

Answer 8

• refers to the unique spiritual force inherent in a place

Question 9

geoglyph def’n , ex

Answer 9

• images inscribed on the earth
  ex great bear mound- iowa
  serpent mound, ohio

Question 10

what are the Nacza lines, peru a good example of

Answer 10

• geoglyph
• 200-600CE
• extensive series of straight lines, geometric shapes and animal figures

Question 11

monolith def’n, ex

Answer 11

• single stone monument

ex Moai’s of Easter Island, Chile

Question 12

megalith def’n, ex

Answer 12

• exceptionally large stone monuments, usually with multiple stones
• Stonehedge, England

Question 13

what does Stonehedge date back to? Who built it? How was it constructed?

Answer 13

• 2950 BCE-1600 BCE
• built by different groups of people at different times, earth forms, wood structure, stone forms
• all stone open to NE framing sunrise of summer solstice
• post and lintel construction

Question 14

what is post and lintel construction , disadvantages?

Answer 14

• large stone laying flat ontop 2 vertical ones
  dis: limited weight that can be held up
• small distances needed between the posts
• later roman arch –> larger structures constructed

Question 15

obelisk

Answer 15

• tall, four sided narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid- like shape or pyramidion at the top

Question 16

describe classical antiquity

Answer 16

• broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea
• comprising the interlocking civilization of ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

Question 17

describe greek antiquity

Answer 17

• began with with earliest recorded Greek poetry of Homer(8th BCE ) until decline of Roman Empire (5th CE)

Question 18

describe Classical antiquity principles

Answer 18

• greeks respected sanctuary of gods but = valued human domain
• looked for rational explanations of natures mysteries
• sacred structures replaced sacred landscapes

Question 19

what are 3 orders of greek architecture columns

Answer 19

1. doric- simple
2. ionic- curved rounded
3. corinthian- elaborate

Question 20

how could you describe greek architecture

Answer 20

• strong connection between mathematics and beauty

- golden ratio

Question 21

what is golden rule/ ratio

Answer 21

• mathematical truth = natural rality

Question 22

how would you best describe greek gardens

Answer 22

• blend of geometric forms (temples) and nature (surrounding landscapes) –> nature shrines
• usually outside city b/c didn’t have water supply in city

Question 23

who popularized aqueducts? how did this influence gardens?

Answer 23

• Romans

- city gardens created

Question 24

what is tholos

Answer 24

• circular temple

Question 25

describe roman antiquity

Answer 25

• absorbed and modified greek ideas

- advanced engineering skills created concrete buildings, aqueducts, sewer systems and roads

Question 26

describe roman gardens

Answer 26

• villa gardens = luxurious lifestyle
• formaility of gardens showed control over nature
• used marble, brick, sculpture, water

Question 27

peristyle

Answer 27

-enclosed garden that is within colonnaded courtyard, informal outdoor living space in Roman townhouse –> purpose to keep building cool

Question 28

what is example of peristyle

Answer 28

House of Vetti, Pompeii

Hadrian’s Villa, Italy