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Praxis - World History > Early Civilizations and Great Empires > Flashcards

Early Civilizations and Great Empires Flashcards

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1
Q

Paleolithic Era

A

Period before agriculture (until 10,000 BCE)

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2
Q

Stone Age

A

Period before metal working (until 4,000 BCE)

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3
Q

Neolithic Period

A

Final part of the stone age, where only homo sapiens sapiens are living

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4
Q

Bronze Age

A

Period where humans begin metal working (3,100 to 300 BCE)

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5
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

North Africa and Southwest Asia where early societies thrived

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6
Q

Sumerians

A

Ancient civilization in Mesopotamia. Developed irrigation and advanced agriculture. (2500 BCE)

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7
Q

Cuneiform

A

Earliest example of writing

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8
Q

Akkadian Empire

A

First ancient empire of Mesopotamia. (2300 to 2100 BCE)

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9
Q

Babylonia

A

Ancient Akkadian speaking state and cultural area in central-southern Mesopotamia

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10
Q

Assyria

A

Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient near East. Major developments in sculpture, jewelry, military, and trade.

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11
Q

Nineveh

A

Battle at Assyrian capital, that ended in Babylonian victory. (627 BCE)

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12
Q

Hittites

A

Military power with strong weapons. Eventually defeated by Assyria. (1200 BCE)

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13
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

Earliest example of written law. “Eye for an eye” philosophy. (1750 BCE)

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14
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A

Sumerian epic poetry, earliest surviving literature. (2000 BCE)

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15
Q

Thutmose III

A

Powerful Pharaoh that expanded Egypt to Levant conquering all of Syria. (1400s BCE)

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16
Q

King Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)

A

Abolished Egyptian Religion and created cult of the sun religion that included himself as god like figure. (1300s BCE)

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17
Q

Ramesses II

A

Egyptian leader that returned to traditional values, battled the Hittites, known as the greatest pharaoh. (1200s BCE)

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18
Q

Harappen

A

Early society in India around 3000 BCE. Known for their grid cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

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19
Q

Gupta Empire

A

Golden Age of India: strong economy, important part of trade (319-467 CE)

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20
Q

Shang Dynasty

A

First known Dynasty in China. Known for their advances in math, astronomy, art, and military. (1600 to 1046 BCE)

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21
Q

Zhou Dynasty

A

(1046-771 BCE) Expanded civilizations, continued new technological developments, and started the hierarchical social political structure.

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22
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

Belief that the Chinese Emperor had a divine inheritance to rule

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23
Q

Spring and Autumn Period

A

Unstable period in Zhou Dynasty

24
Q

Confucius

A

Developed philosophy emphasizing harmony and respect for hierarchy (551-479 BCE)

25
Q

Warring States Period

A

Time period in China where warfare and bureaucratic/military reforms where evident. (475-221 BCE)

26
Q

Qin Dynasty

A

Known for major advancements in standardization; weights, measures, writing, and currency. (221-206)

27
Q

Qin Shihuangdi

A

Emperor of China who had Great Wall built and has terracotta figurines guarding tomb

28
Q

Han Dynasty

A

Used Qin organization and added Confucian ideals. Placed importance on education, but only men were allowed to participate. (206 BCE - 220 CE)

29
Q

Clovis People

A

Earliest people in the Americas. Migrated from Asia, evidence found in New Mexico.

30
Q

Olmec Civilizations

A

Developed on Mexican Gulf coast, complex religious and spiritual beliefs (1200 BCE).

31
Q

Cyrus

A

Emperor of Achaemenid (Persia), conquered the Babylonians 539 BCE

32
Q

Hellenic Civilizations

A

Advancements in politics, philosophy, art, math, architecture, poetry, theatre (Greece). After war with Persia (Xerxes), period of advancement.

33
Q

Athens

A

First democracy

34
Q

Sparta

A

Military State in opposition to Athens

35
Q

Socrates

A

Considered first moral philosopher

36
Q

Plato

A

Established political thought, founded the Academy

37
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

Fought between Athens and Sparta. Shifted power to Sparta making it the most powerful city-state in the region. (431-404 BCE)

38
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Allowed Hellenistic culture to become widespread by expanding the empire from Macedonia to Egypt and from Greece to India. (350 BCE)

39
Q

Etruscans

A

Natives in Italian peninsula who influenced the Romans

40
Q

Lucius Junius Brutus

A

Makes Rome a republic in 509 BCE. Law makers are elected to a senate.

41
Q

Punic Wars

A

Rome V. Carthage over Rome’s continued expansion. (264-146 BCE)

42
Q

Optimates

A

Wealthy, ruling class. Members include Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus.

43
Q

Populare

A

Poor, military minded, working class. Julius Caesar is a part of this group.

44
Q

First Triumvirate

A

Alliance among politicians Pompey the Great, Crassus, and Caesar

45
Q

Spartacus

A

Lead slave rebellion, that Crassus put an end to. Although Pompey tries to take credit.

46
Q

Second Triumvirate

A

Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian, all Caesar’s friends to defeat Brutus.

47
Q

Cleopatra

A

Mark Antony gets involved with Egyptian Queen (31 BCE). This upsets Octavian who defeats them in war.

48
Q

Augustus Caesar

A

First Roman Emperor. Previously known as Octavian. Gets mad that Mark Antony gets more power for his half of empire by getting involved with Cleopatra.

49
Q

Pax Romana

A

200 years of stability, art and literature flourish. Period after Augustus takes over.

50
Q

Diocletian

A

Takes over Roman empire from 284 to 305 ADE. Divides empire in half (west and east).

51
Q

Constantine

A

Takes over East half, makes empire more Christian. Eventually reconquers the west half.

52
Q

Justinian I

A

Leader of Byzantine Empire. Reconquers a bunch of land, builds the Hagia Sophia (Center of Orthodox Christianity). (500 AD)

53
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Eastern part of Roman Empire. Constantinople was capital. Stays this way until conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

54
Q

Muhammad

A

Religious leader who begins teaching Islam in 570 AD.

55
Q

Caliphate

A

Political embodiment of the society envisioned in Islam.

Praxis - World History (2 decks)

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