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Praxis - World History > Early Civilizations and Great Empires > Flashcards

Early Civilizations and Great Empires Flashcards

1
Q

Paleolithic Era

A

Period before agriculture (until 10,000 BCE)

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2
Q

Stone Age

A

Period before metal working (until 4,000 BCE)

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3
Q

Neolithic Period

A

Final part of the stone age, where only homo sapiens sapiens are living

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4
Q

Bronze Age

A

Period where humans begin metal working (3,100 to 300 BCE)

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5
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

North Africa and Southwest Asia where early societies thrived

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6
Q

Sumerians

A

Ancient civilization in Mesopotamia. Developed irrigation and advanced agriculture. (2500 BCE)

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7
Q

Cuneiform

A

Earliest example of writing

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8
Q

Akkadian Empire

A

First ancient empire of Mesopotamia. (2300 to 2100 BCE)

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9
Q

Babylonia

A

Ancient Akkadian speaking state and cultural area in central-southern Mesopotamia

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10
Q

Assyria

A

Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient near East. Major developments in sculpture, jewelry, military, and trade.

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11
Q

Nineveh

A

Battle at Assyrian capital, that ended in Babylonian victory. (627 BCE)

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12
Q

Hittites

A

Military power with strong weapons. Eventually defeated by Assyria. (1200 BCE)

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13
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

Earliest example of written law. “Eye for an eye” philosophy. (1750 BCE)

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14
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A

Sumerian epic poetry, earliest surviving literature. (2000 BCE)

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15
Q

Thutmose III

A

Powerful Pharaoh that expanded Egypt to Levant conquering all of Syria. (1400s BCE)

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16
Q

King Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)

A

Abolished Egyptian Religion and created cult of the sun religion that included himself as god like figure. (1300s BCE)

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17
Q

Ramesses II

A

Egyptian leader that returned to traditional values, battled the Hittites, known as the greatest pharaoh. (1200s BCE)

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18
Q

Harappen

A

Early society in India around 3000 BCE. Known for their grid cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

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19
Q

Gupta Empire

A

Golden Age of India: strong economy, important part of trade (319-467 CE)

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20
Q

Shang Dynasty

A

First known Dynasty in China. Known for their advances in math, astronomy, art, and military. (1600 to 1046 BCE)

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21
Q

Zhou Dynasty

A

(1046-771 BCE) Expanded civilizations, continued new technological developments, and started the hierarchical social political structure.

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22
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

Belief that the Chinese Emperor had a divine inheritance to rule

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23
Q

Spring and Autumn Period

A

Unstable period in Zhou Dynasty

24
Q

Confucius

A

Developed philosophy emphasizing harmony and respect for hierarchy (551-479 BCE)

25
Warring States Period
Time period in China where warfare and bureaucratic/military reforms where evident. (475-221 BCE)
26
Qin Dynasty
Known for major advancements in standardization; weights, measures, writing, and currency. (221-206)
27
Qin Shihuangdi
Emperor of China who had Great Wall built and has terracotta figurines guarding tomb
28
Han Dynasty
Used Qin organization and added Confucian ideals. Placed importance on education, but only men were allowed to participate. (206 BCE - 220 CE)
29
Clovis People
Earliest people in the Americas. Migrated from Asia, evidence found in New Mexico.
30
Olmec Civilizations
Developed on Mexican Gulf coast, complex religious and spiritual beliefs (1200 BCE).
31
Cyrus
Emperor of Achaemenid (Persia), conquered the Babylonians 539 BCE
32
Hellenic Civilizations
Advancements in politics, philosophy, art, math, architecture, poetry, theatre (Greece). After war with Persia (Xerxes), period of advancement.
33
Athens
First democracy
34
Sparta
Military State in opposition to Athens
35
Socrates
Considered first moral philosopher
36
Plato
Established political thought, founded the Academy
37
Peloponnesian War
Fought between Athens and Sparta. Shifted power to Sparta making it the most powerful city-state in the region. (431-404 BCE)
38
Alexander the Great
Allowed Hellenistic culture to become widespread by expanding the empire from Macedonia to Egypt and from Greece to India. (350 BCE)
39
Etruscans
Natives in Italian peninsula who influenced the Romans
40
Lucius Junius Brutus
Makes Rome a republic in 509 BCE. Law makers are elected to a senate.
41
Punic Wars
Rome V. Carthage over Rome's continued expansion. (264-146 BCE)
42
Optimates
Wealthy, ruling class. Members include Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus.
43
Populare
Poor, military minded, working class. Julius Caesar is a part of this group.
44
First Triumvirate
Alliance among politicians Pompey the Great, Crassus, and Caesar
45
Spartacus
Lead slave rebellion, that Crassus put an end to. Although Pompey tries to take credit.
46
Second Triumvirate
Mark Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Octavian, all Caesar's friends to defeat Brutus.
47
Cleopatra
Mark Antony gets involved with Egyptian Queen (31 BCE). This upsets Octavian who defeats them in war.
48
Augustus Caesar
First Roman Emperor. Previously known as Octavian. Gets mad that Mark Antony gets more power for his half of empire by getting involved with Cleopatra.
49
Pax Romana
200 years of stability, art and literature flourish. Period after Augustus takes over.
50
Diocletian
Takes over Roman empire from 284 to 305 ADE. Divides empire in half (west and east).
51
Constantine
Takes over East half, makes empire more Christian. Eventually reconquers the west half.
52
Justinian I
Leader of Byzantine Empire. Reconquers a bunch of land, builds the Hagia Sophia (Center of Orthodox Christianity). (500 AD)
53
Byzantine Empire
Eastern part of Roman Empire. Constantinople was capital. Stays this way until conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453.
54
Muhammad
Religious leader who begins teaching Islam in 570 AD.
55
Caliphate
Political embodiment of the society envisioned in Islam.

Praxis - World History (2 decks)

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