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Growth, Development & Aging > Early Childhood 2-6 years old: Physical and Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Early Childhood 2-6 years old: Physical and Cognitive Development Flashcards

1
Q

Body Growth - Early Childhood

A
  • Slower pattern of growth
  • Average growth (2-3 inches, 5 pounds)
  • Torso Lengthens and widens (more mobile, eating other foods)
  • Spine straightens
  • 2-6 years brain increases from 70 to 90% of its adult weight
  • Lateralization/ establish links
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2
Q

Endocrine System

  • Organization of the E.S.
    - Glands
A
  • Ductless tissue

- Secrete hormones

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3
Q

Endocrine System

  • Organization of the E.S.
    - Hormones
A
  • Specialized Compounds
  • Regulate activity of other tissues/organs
  • Have specific roles
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4
Q

Endocrine System

  • Organization of the E.S.
    - Hormones Regulate
A
  1. Growth and Maturation
    • Morphogenesis
  2. Respond to stimuli
    • Integration
  3. Internal Environment
    • Maintenance
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5
Q

Endocrine System

  • Organization of the E.S.
    - Hormones (2)
A

Have complex chemical structures made from:
- proteins
- steroids
- amines
- fatty acids
Work on a negative feedback loop whereby:
- too little of a regulated substance
- appropriate endocrine gland produces hormones
- increased production/release

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6
Q

Endocrine System

- The Master Gland-Pituitary

A

Brain (hypothalamus)

  • Pituitary stalk - pituitary gland
  • Sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Has two distinct lobes

  • Anterior Pituitary
    • growth and maturation
  • Posterior Pituitary
  • Intermediate Layer
    • thin layer of cells
    • responsible for changes in skin tone
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7
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A. Growth Hormone

A

Biologically timed
Pulse released in response to low blood sugar
- deep sleep
- children > adults
- excrete larger quantities
Increase synthesis of new proteins from amino acids
Body fat to glucose

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary

B. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

A

Thyroid hormone

  • increase BMR (basal metabolic rate) -> oxygen uptake and energy expenditure.
  • Growth Hormone MUST have TH -> homeostatic level to be released
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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary

C. Corticotropin

A

Adrenal Glands

  • Outer (adrenal cortex) & inner (adrenal medulla) portions
  • Cortex secretes steroid and anabolic hormones
  • Medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline)
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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary

D. Gonadotropins

A

Ovaries and Testes

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11
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Produces:

  • vasopressin: water regulation
  • oxytocin: uterine motility/lactation (pregnancy and labor)
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12
Q

Disordered Growth

- from anterior pituitary

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

  • excess GH -> diabetes mellitis
    • prenatal and after birth excessive amounts seen to have a negative effect.
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13
Q

Disordered Growth
- from anterior pituitary

Two types of diabetes

A

Type I: Insulin Dependent

  • pancreas does not produce insulin
  • starts at birth

Type II:

  • pancreas works normally, body doesn’t take up the insulin
  • starts later in life
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14
Q

Disordered Growth
- from anterior pituitary

GH

A

Pre-pubertal: Gigantism
- hormone levels are not controlled
the secretion of GH cannot be controlle

Post-pubertal: Acromegaly
- hands, feet and face

Hyposecretion ->growth failure at an early stage

Psychosocial Dwarfism

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15
Q

Disordered Growth
- from anterior pituitary

TH

A

Hyperthyroidism

  1. Autoimmune
  2. Thyroiditis

Hypothyroidism

  1. Thyroiditis
  2. Nodular
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16
Q

Disordered Growth
- from anterior pituitary

Adrenals

A

Cortisol

  • regulate and control breakdown of CHO, PROT, and fats
  • Too little = Addison’s
  • Too much = decrease growth (Cushing’s)
17
Q

Motor Development

  • Gross Motor Development
A

Center of Gravity shifts down-up
Gait patterns progress
- learn how to hop, how legs can move in alternating patterns
Mobility becomes independent

18
Q

Motor Development

  • Fine Motor Development
A 
Dressing
- Velcro is easy, tie shoes are difficult
Utensils
- whether they can feed themselves
Cognitive Combinations
19
Q

Cognitive Development
- Piaget’s Preoperational Stage

  • Preschoolers limited by:
A
  1. Egocentrism
    - representation of the world in only from THEIR perspective
    - 3-mountain problem (can’t look outside of what is happening)
  2. Inability to Conserve
    - sameness in physical characteristics despite change.
    - reflection of:
    Centration- focus too narrow
    Perception (bound)
    States vs. Transformations (unrelated)
    …- liquids, numbers, mass, & lengths (children struggle with)
  3. Lack of Hierarchical Classification
    - cannot organize on the basis of similarities and differences.
    - class inclusion
20
Q

Language Development

- Cognitive Development

A 
Age 6 = 10,000
begin developing skills in:
1. Grammar
- meaningful phrases and sentences
- 2-3 years
Make adjustments
   - pluralize, tenses, prepositions
2. Conversation
- Pragmatics
   - engage in effect and appropriate communication
- take turns, respond, maintain.

Growth, Development & Aging (6 decks)

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