Early Childhood Flashcards
1
Q
Physiologial/Biological Development
A
- -Year between 2 & 3, the activity level is higher than any other point in life
- -By 5, brain is 90% of adult weight
- -Physical characteristics of those between 2 - years
2
Q
Cognitive Development
A
Piaget’s 2nd Stage - Preoperational (2-70
- -Reason is dominated by perception & intuition vs. logic
- -Inability to conserve - probably Piaget’s most important concept. Same amount of liquid in big glass and a shot glass; child will think more in shot glass because it looks fuller
- -Divided into 2 substages: preconceptual & Intutive
3
Q
Sub-stages of Piaget’s Preoperational stage
A
- -Preconceptual (2-4): child begins to symbolize; to mentally represent objects and events. Similar objects are assumed to be identical. Transductive reasoning: making inferences from one instance to another.
- -Intuitive (4-7) Egocentric - difficulty adopting another point of view. Errors of class inclusion– if you have 5 black marbles and 3 white marbles, and ask how many marbles are there, the child will answer 5 or 3; can’t see that they are all marbles, just different colors. Sees them as 2 groups or classes
4
Q
Language Development
A
- -1st word - 1 year old
- -2 word sentences - 18 months
- -Multiple word sentences - 2-2.5 years olf
- -Complex sentences & adult-like grammatical structure - present at 4 years old
- -By 5 years old - 14,000 words
5
Q
Social Development
A
Ages 2-6(7) cover 2 of Erikson’s stages
- -Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: 18 months to 2(3), developing a sense of control and mastery over action
- -Initiative vs. Guilt: 2(3) - 6 years old; progressive independence from parents; developing sense of self; developing greater sense of responsiblity for one’s own actions
6
Q
Play
A
- -Important to development 3 types
- -Practice play: Physical activity (important in developing physical skills)
- -Pretend play: imagining self, others or objects as something other than what they are (important in developing cognitive skills)
- -Social play: Play with two or more children (important in developing social skills.)
7
Q
Four types of social play
A
- -Onlooker play: child watches others play but does not participate
- -Parallel play: plays side by side but no interaction or sharing
- -Associative play: share toys but each child is playing independently, not mutually accepted goals or rules
- -Cooperative play: share & help each other in activities that require shared goals
8
Q
Gender Roles
A
- -By 3 years old - children identify self as boy or girl
- -By 5 yrs old - boys play more with boys, girls with girls
- -Boys: physical/aggressive, pretend to be super heroes, monsters
- -Girls: affectionate, compliant, pretend to be cooks, mothers, babies
9
Q
The contemporary family
A
- -No single correction definition of what a family is
- -Fewer than 30% of all families fit “typical” family profile
- -Increasing number of children live in single parent family - divorce largest culprit
- -Approximately 50% children spend an average of 6 years in a single parent setting
10
Q
Effects of divorce
A
- -Can be harmful for children of any age
- -Amato & Keith (1991) found divorce is more harmful when it occurs during childhood and adolescences than during preschool or college years
- -Effects of divorce on children can persist into adulthood
11
Q
Factors of why divorce negatively affects children
A
- -Absence of a parent (usually father)
- -Economic influence
- -Family conflict - stress
12
Q
Parenting styles
A
- -Permissive
- -Authoritarian
- -Authoritative
- -Uninvolved
13
Q
Permissive parenting style
A
- -Autonomy more important than obedience
- -Non-demanding, non-punitive, highly permissive
14
Q
Authoritarian parenting style
A
- -Dogmatic, very controlling
- -Limited autonomy, little recourse to reason
15
Q
Authoritative parenting style
A
- -Firm control
- -Permits independence, but values obediene
- -Democratic, respectful and reasonable
