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NSCI200: Neuroscience I > Early Brain Development > Flashcards

Early Brain Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human analog of dpp (decapentaplegic)?

A

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)

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2
Q

What is the organizer in humans?

A

Notochord

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3
Q

What does the notochord secrete that is important for neural plate formation?

A

BMP inhibitors:

  • chordin
  • noggin
  • follistatin
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4
Q

What are the 3 flexures of the neural tube? Which are the first 2 that are formed?

A
  1. cervical flexure
  2. cephalic flexure
  3. pontine flexure
    Cervial and cephalic flexures are formed first
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5
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

What are the 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon 
Diencephalon 
Mesencephalon 
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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7
Q

Which secondary brain vesicle becomes the cerebellum?

A

Myelencephalon

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8
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles form most of the brain?

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

What is regionalization?

A

Development of the 5 secondary brain vesicles that eventually form the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What kind of fluid is located with in the primary and secondary brain vesicles?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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11
Q

List 2 functions of the CSF

A
  1. protects against injury + gravity

2. homeostasis

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12
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexus

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13
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A mesh of blood vessels

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14
Q

Name a method for extracting CSF

A

Lumbar puncture aka. spinal tap

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15
Q

List 3 things that recovering CSF can diagnose

A
  1. CNS inflammation
  2. hemorrhage
  3. meningitis
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16
Q

What is CSF used to screen for?

A

proteins
glucose
pressure

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17
Q

List 2 disorders that result from improper sealing of the neural tube

A

Anencephaly (cerebrum and forebrain missing)

Spina bifida

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18
Q

List a disorder that results from abnormal development of the brain ventricles

A

Hydrocephaly

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19
Q

Which disease may be classified into non-communicating and communicating?

A

Hydrocephaly

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20
Q

What is hydrocephaly?

A

Build up of CSF within the brain ventricles

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21
Q

List 3 causes of hydrocephaly

A
  1. CSF reuptake inhibited
  2. excessive CSF production
  3. CSF flow restricted by abnormal ventricle development
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22
Q

What divides the spinal cord from the brain vesicles?

A

Foramen magnum

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23
Q

List 3 posterior signals

A

Retinoic acid
Wint
FGF (fibroblast growth factor)

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24
Q

Where is the isthmic constriction located?

A

Junction bw mesencephalon and rhombencephalon.

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25
Q

Binding of FGF8 to its receptor induces expression of a TF called:

A

engrailed (En)

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26
Q

Which 2 signalling molecules are responsible for establishing the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord?

A

Shh (sonic hedgehog)

BMP (bone morphogenic protein)

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27
Q

Which body axis does Shh establish?

A

Ventral

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28
Q

Which structures produce Shh?

A

Floorplate

notochord

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29
Q

Which body axis does BMP establish?

A

Dorsal

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30
Q

Which structures produce BMP?

A

ectoderm

roofplate

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31
Q

Shh is a ___ protein

a) transmembrane
b) secreted

A

b) secreted

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32
Q

Shh is produced from the ___ which causes the ___ to then also secrete Shh.

A

Notochord, floorplate

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33
Q

T or F: Shh is necessary and sufficient for specification of ventral cell types

A

T

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34
Q

The ___ receptor (unbound) inhibits expression of smoothened (TF)

A

Patch

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35
Q

What is the receptor for Shh?

A

Patch

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36
Q

What happens to expression of smoothened (TF) after Shh binds Patch receptor?

A

Expression gets turned on (Patch receptor can no longer inhibit Smoothened expression)

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37
Q

What is the end result of Shh binding to Patch receptor?

A

Express Smoothened, which upregulates transcription of genes that specify ventral cell types

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38
Q

If you remove NC from neural tube, what happens to ventral cell identity?

A

There will be no ventral cells bc there is no Shh.
Shh is produced by NC and floorplate, which are not there (floorplate needs Shh production from NC to produce Shh itself)

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39
Q

What happens if you transplant a second NC into an early embryo?

A

A second neural plate will form, meaning that there will be 2 floorplates, meaning that 2 ventral identities will form

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40
Q

Which structure secretes BMP responsible for establishing dorsal identity?

A

Neural crest cells

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41
Q

BMP induces the expression of the TF ____, which is involved in regulating genes that form dorsal identity

A

Lmx1a

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42
Q

Interkinetic migration: During G1 phase, the soma is near the ___ surface

A

Ventricular

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43
Q

Interkinetic migration: During S phase, soma migrates toward the __ surface

A

Pial

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44
Q

Interkinetic migration: During G2 phase, which surface does the neuron migrate back to? Is it still connected to the other surface?

A

Ventricular

No, it is no longer attached to the pial surface

45
Q

Cells at the ventricular surface can undergo 2 types mitosis to yield different daughter cells. What are the 2 types?

A

Symmetrical and asymmetrical

46
Q

What types of neurons does symmetric mitosis result in?

A

Neural stem cells

47
Q

What types of neurons does asymmetric mitosis result in?

A
  1. neuroblast

2. progenitor cell with limited mitotic potential

48
Q

Defie pluripotent

A

Ability to differentiate into any type of cell

49
Q

Are neural progenitor cells pluripotent?

A

No, they have limited differentiation properties - can only differentiate into neural cells, not ANY cell

50
Q

What 2 types of cells do neural progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Neuroblasts and glioblasts

51
Q

Astrocyte development involves which 2 signals?

A

bHLH and Notch

52
Q

Oligodendroycte development involves which 3 signals?

A

bHLH
Olig1/2
Nkx2.1

53
Q

The gene products of which 2 signals are involved in neuron development?

A

Notch and bHLH

54
Q

What is the correct order of differentiation:

a) oligodendrogenesis –> astrogliogenesis –> neurogenesis
b) astrogliogenesis –> neurogenesis –> oligodendrogenesis
c) neurogenesis –> oligodendrogenesis –> astrogliogenesis

A

c) neurogenesis –> oligodendrogenesis –> astrogliogenesis

55
Q

T or F: neurogenesis still occurs in the adult brain

A

T, but in certain areas only

56
Q

Which regions of the adult brain does neurogenesis still occur?

A

Dentate gyrus of hippocampus

Olfactory bulb

57
Q

Cells in the olfactory bulb migrated from which structure?

A

Subventricular zone

58
Q

What are iPS?

A

induced pluripotent stem cells - cells in which genetic info can be reprogrammed to mediate stem cell functions

59
Q

How many genes are sufficient to induce a differentiated cell type to revert to a stem cell-like identity?

A

4

60
Q

Neural crest cells undergo _____ transition

A

epithelial-mesenchymal

61
Q

What is the end result of neural crest migration?

A

Formation of different types of ganglia

62
Q

T or F: migration of neural crest cells in the embryo is limited

A

F - they can migrate all over the embryo

63
Q

How do neural crest cells differentiate into different types of neural cells?

A

They are exposed to different concentrations of signals, and different signals

64
Q

What is responsible for formation of different cell layers in the brain?

A

Interkinetic nuclear migration

65
Q

Long distance neural migration occurs on ____.

A

existing axon tracks

66
Q

Which 2 types of cells are long range migration especially important for?

A

cortical GABAergic interneurons

oligodendrocytes

67
Q

Which brain structure is an excellent example of local neural migration?

A

cortex

68
Q

T or F: cells furthest inside the cortex are the oldest cells

A

F - they are the oldest cells

69
Q

How do you map migration of cells inside the cortical layer?

A

Label neurons with radioactive thimidine –> will observe that they migrate to different layers in the cortex

70
Q

Cell migration from the ventricular zone to the pial surface is an example of what type of migration?

A

Local migration

71
Q

Cell migration from ventricular to pial surface occurs along what?

A

Radial glia

Axon tracks is radial glia aren’t present

72
Q

T or F: The only function of radial glia is to act as a scaffold for local neural migration

A

F - they can also differentiate into neurons

73
Q

T or F: all neurons migrate along radial glia when they are present

A

F - these are called non-radially migrating glia

74
Q

What are radially-migrating cells?

A

Neurons that migrate along radial glia

75
Q

What is lissencephaly caused by?

A

Abnormal cell migration

76
Q

What is the defining characteristic of lissencephaly?

A

Smooth brain - no folds that indicate different brain layers

77
Q

T or F: children with lissencephaly appear normal at birth but show intellectual disability and seizures during their first year of life

A

T

78
Q

What do mutations in the Reelin gene result in?

A

Abnormal layering of the cortex

79
Q

Which transmembrane protein does Reelin bind to? What kind of kinase is activated? What is the end result?

A

ApoER
Soc kinase
Neuronal migration

80
Q

T or F: one of the proposed functions of Reelin is that it stops neural migration at the right time

A

T - if Reelin is mutated, neurons will not stop migrating bc they don’t know where to stop

81
Q

What is the optic chiasma in the frog?

A

The point at which the optic nerve from the right eye crosses to the left part of the brain, and the optic nerve from the left eye crosses to the right part of the brain

82
Q

Where are growth cones located on the neuron?

A

At the tip of the axon

83
Q

List 4 properties of growth cones

A
  1. highly dynamic
  2. enriched in cytoskeletal elements (actin and MT)
  3. composed of filopodia and lamellopodium
  4. enriched in cell surface receptors and signal transduction machinery
84
Q

What do the cell surface receptors on growth cones do?

A

Detect chemoattractive/repellent cues at transitional points

85
Q

Which cytoskeletal element are the filopodia enriched in?

A

Actin

86
Q

Where is tubulin enriched at the growth cone?

A

Base of the growth cone - the most stable part

87
Q

What drives actin elongation?

A

Monomers disassociating at one end of the actin molecule and associating at the other end

88
Q

What is F actin?

A

The filamentous form of actin

89
Q

What is G-actin?

A

The globular/monomeric form of actin

90
Q

Where does F-actin assembly occur in the growth cone?

A

Leading edge of the filopodium

91
Q

What initiates F-actin assembly at the filopodia?

A
  • Filopodia has receptors that bind to attractive cues

- Receptor binding causes secondary messenger signalling (ex. Ca++) that drives actin polymerization

92
Q

What drives actin or tubulin depolymerization in the filopodia/growth cone?

A
  • Binding of repulsive cues to receptors on the filopodia

- initiates secondary messenger signalling that drives depolymerization

93
Q

What drives filopodia movement?

A

Actin and tubulin polymerization and depolymerization. Polymerization promotes movement towards something, while depolymerization promotes movement away from something

94
Q

What are the 2 distance scales that attractive/repulsive forces can occur on?

A
  1. long-distance attraction/repulsion

2. contact-dependent attraction/repulsion

95
Q

Are cadherins Ca++-dependent?

A

Yes

96
Q

Are all cell adhesion molecules Ca++ dependent?

A

No

97
Q

Netrin signalling is attractive when it binds to what?

A

DCC homodimer

98
Q

Netrin signalling is repulsive when it binds to what?

A

DCC-Unc5 heterodimer

99
Q

Netrin signalling is attractive or repulsive based on what intracellular signal?

A

Levels of cAMP in the cell

100
Q

Which structure is netrin secreted from?

A

Floorplate

101
Q

T or F: dorsal commissural interneurons cross from ventral to dorsal side of due to Ephrin secretion from the floorplate

A

F - the interneurons cross from DORSAL to VENTRAL side due to NETRIN secretion from the floorplate

102
Q

Dorsal commissural interneurons migrate towards which signal?

A

Netrin

103
Q

Is netrin signalling contact-dependent attraction?

A

No - it’s long distance attraction

104
Q

Notochord secretes repulsive signals to repel the ___

A

DRG

105
Q

The Slit protein binds to which receptor?

A

Robo

106
Q

What phenotype does robo loss of function result in?

A

Axons cross over randomly

107
Q

What phenotype does Slit loss of function result in?

A

Axons can’t cross over

108
Q

Are semaphorins attractive or repulsive? Work across long distances or contact-dependent?

A

Repulsive, contact-dependent

109
Q

Which system are the Ephrins and Eph receptors involve in?

A

Retina-tectum mapping

NSCI200: Neuroscience I (5 decks)

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