Early Adulthood Flashcards
What is an early adult’s body like?
It is at its peak performance with its reproductive system, motor ability, strength, and lung capacity operating at its best.
True or False. Habits we establish in our twenties are related to certain health conditions in middle age.
True. Healthy habits like regular exercise and a good diet will lower the risks of health concerns like heart disease later on in life.
What are some habits that experts recommend young adults do to facilitate good health?
- Maintain a lean body mass index
- Moderate alcohol intake
- Smoke-free lifestyle
- Reduce sugar intake
- Develop an active lifestyle
- Eating vegetables
- Practicing portion control
- Exercise regularly
- Find a job you love
What are the leading causes of death for ages 15 - 24 and 25 - 34?
Unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide
What is the rate of binge drinking in 2014 for ages 18-20 and 21-25?
28.5% for 18-20 and 43.3% for 21-25
Alcohol is involved in nearly _____% of acquaintance rape cases
90%
Over ____% of sexual assault involve alcohol use by victim and _____% involve alcohol use of perpetrator
40% and 70%
True or False. Alcohol and drug use increase the risk of engaging in risky sexual behavior.
True. While under the influence, you may end up having sex with someone who has had multiple partners, have anal sex without a condom, have sex with multiple partners, and have sex with someone whose history is unknown.
When does a man peak in their sexual responsiveness?
Between their late teens and early twenties
When does a female peak in their sexual responsiveness? Why?
Late 30s and 40s. They feel more self-confident and less restricted in expressing their sexuality.
What % of people in the US engage in oral sex?
90%
The mean age of first-time mothers in the US has increased by _______
1.4 years
What is one major reason couples have been delaying childbearing?
More women are attending college and building careers.
Infertility affects what percentage of the reproductive-age population?
11%
What is one of the common cause of infertility for men?
Lack of sperm production or low sperm count
What is one of the most common causes of female infertility?
Ovulation disorder
Besides ovulation disorder, what is another major cause of female infertility?
Blocked fallopian tubes.
What are two reasons why a female’s fallopian tubes may get blocked?
Abnormal uterine growth (ex. endometriosis) or infection (ex. pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
What are two main causes of PID?
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
The majority of infertility cases are treated using what?
Fertility drugs or surgical procedures
What is IVF? When is it used?
IVF is a procedure in which a woman’s eggs are removed and then fertilized outside of the woman’s body. The fertilized egg is then reinserted into the woman’s uterus.
It is used when a woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked or deformed or when a man has a low sperm count.
What is gamete intrafallopian tube transfer (GIFT)?
A procedure in which both sperm and ova are implanted into the fallopian tube and fertilization occurs naturally.
What is zygote intrafallopian tube transfer (ZIFT)?
A procedure in which the sperm and ova are fertilized outside of the woman’s body and the fertilized zygote is implanted into the fallopian tube.
What are some methods that same-sex couples to create a child?
Surrogate pregnancy, artificial insemination, and reciprocal IVF.
Describe post-formal thought. How is it different from Piaget’s formal operational thought?
Post-formal thought is the ability to use daw upon experience to think up realistic outcomes to abstract situations. This type of thinking is practical, realistic, and individualistic.
Post-formal thought is different from formal operational thought because those in the post-formal thought stage make decisions based on prior experience or necessity rather than what others think and they are based on prior experience in which those in the formal operational stage do not have yet.
What are the three stages of Perry’s scheme?
Dualism, multiplicity, relativism
What is dualism?
Black and white thinking that declares that some people are right and some people are wrong
What is multiplicity?
Thinking that acknowledges that humans may not have the answers to some problems yet.
What is relativism?
Thinking that emphasizes the importance of the context of a specific problem. Is open to changing their viewpoint
What is dialectical thought?
One of the most advanced forms of post-formal thought. Involves bringing together two opposing viewpoints, synthesizing them, and coming up with new ideas.
According to the US Census Bureau, what % of the American pop. 25 and older have completed high school or higher education?
90%
According to statistics, are men or women more likely to have graduated from college?
Women
Which racial group has the most amount of people with college degrees? Which racial group has the least amount?
White Americans have the most while Hispanic Americans have the least.
Which racial group has the most amount of emerging adults enrolled in college? Which racial group has the least amount?
Asians are the most enrolled while African Americans are the least enrolled.
What are the skills that college and universities say need to be learned to be successful in today’s economy?
Global awareness, critical thinking skills, communication, moral reasoning, and responsibility.
What is the biggest skill that employers say graduating college seniors are lacking?
Professionalism and work ethic
What does John Holland’s theory say about personality and career choices?
Holland states that there are six personality types and a variety of work environments. The better matched one’s personality is to their work environment, the more successful and satisfied a person will be with their choice.
Describe Erikson’s Intimacy vs Isolation stage
The intimacy vs isolation stage is when a young adult is in the process of establishing intimate relationships (doesn’t have to be romantic) in order to not feel isolated from others.
What does research have to say about Holland’s theory?
Research states that there is more to job success and satisfaction than personality. Education, training, and abilities to meet the expectations/ demands of a job can also play a role in the career a person chooses.
How are female friendships different from male friendships?
Male friendships involve sharing info, providing solutions, or focusing on activities while female friendships are focused on talking about difficulties in other relationships and expressing sadness, frustrations, and joys.
True or False. The focus of early adulthood is often on the present
False. A young adult’s focus is primarily on the future. Young adults tend to do things like attend college or work a good job in hopes of obtaining a better future
What is Levinson’s Theory? How does it differ between men and women?
Levinson’s theory states that young people have an image of the future (“dream”) that motivates them. As they get older, reality soon sets in an a person’s dreams may not measure up to reality. At this point, the person must either modify or replace the dream.
A men’s dreams of work and family are grouped as one while a woman’s dream of work and family is perceived as separate dreams (‘split dream”) that are both competing for the woman’s attention.
What are Levinson’s stages?
- Early adult transition (17 - 22): Leaving home and family. Making first choices about career and education
- Entering the adult world (22-28): Committing to an occupation, defining goals, finding intimate relationships
- Age 30 transition (28-33): Reevaluating these choices and making modifications/changes to one’s attitude toward love and work
- Settling down (33-40): Reinvesting in work/ family commitments; becoming involved in community
- Midlife transition (40-45): Reevaluating previous commitments, making changes if needed, giving expression to previously ignored talents/aspirations, feeling more of a sense of urgency about life and its meaning
Entering middle adulthood (45-50): Committing to new choices made and placing one’s energies into these commitments.
How long does emerging adulthood last? What are the five distinctive features of it?
It lasts from late teens through mid-twenties.
The five features of it are identity exploration, instability, self-focus, feeling in between adolescence and adulthood, and a sense of broad possibilities for the future.
How does emerging adulthood differ between Europe and Asia?
In Europe, emerging adulthood is more centered around the self because of the continent’s long history of individualism. People in the US and Europe are most concerned with self-development and leisure. Premarital sex and cohabitation are much more common.
In Asia, emerging adulthood is more centered around a person’s family because of the continent’s long history of collectivism. People in Asian countries are more concerned with making decisions that will please their families and help support them. Premarital sex and cohabitation are less common.
What are the four key components of attraction?
Proximity, familiarity, similarity, and reciprocity. (To remember them: think of the phrase “Please fry shrimps and radishes).
True or False. Rural and Urban poor do not have an emerging adulthood or even an adolescence.
True. They usually enter adult-like work at a young age and begin marriage and parenthood early.
What is familiarity? Why is it important to develop attraction?
It is how familiar a person feels to us. It is important because studies have shown that the more often we are exposed to someone the more likely we are to view that stimulus more positively (mere-exposure effect).
What is similarity? Why is it important to develop attraction?
Similarity is how similar a person is in terms of personality, hobbies, interests, etc. It is important because studies have shown that we tend to naturally gravitate towards those who are similar to us.
What is proximity? Why is it important to develop attraction?
It is your physical nearness or functional distance (how often you cross paths with them). It is important because it allows people to get to know others and discover similarities.
What is reciprocity? Why is it important to develop attraction?
Reciprocity is a situation in which a person feels the same way towards us. It is important because we are more likely to like someone if they feel the same way about us. For instance, it is easier to be friends with those who are friendly back to us.
According to Sternberg, what are the three areas of love?
Passion, intimacy, and commitment
Which area of love is exclusive to romantic love?
Passion
True or False. Breakups are not physically painful
False. Studies have shown that breaking up affects the brain similar to quitting a heroin addiction
True or False. Love is a habit that develops from positive rewards and expectancies
True. Love must be conditioned in an individual.
According to the Triangular Theory of love, liking comprises of _______
Intimacy
Romantic love comprises of _________ + ___________
Passion and Intimacy
Infatuation comprises of _________
Passion
Fatuous love comprises of _________ + __________
Passion and commitment
Consummate Love comprises of _________ + ___________ + ___________
Intimacy, passion, and commitment
Empty love comprises of __________
Commitment
Companionate love comprises of _______ + ________
Intimacy and Commitment
What percentage of American adults have or know someone who has dated a person that they met online?
49%
What are three important tasks that dating sites do?
They provide individuals with access to a database of other individuals who are interested in meeting someone, they reduce issues of proximity, and they match individuals based on similarities.
What countries have the highest reported percentage of cohabitation? What countries have the lowest percentage?
Scandinavian countries like Iceland, Norway, and Sweden have the highest percentage while Japan, India, and China have the lowest percentage.
Half of cohabiting relationships in the US end within _______
One year
True or False. Same-sex couples tend to be more educated than opposite sex couples.
True. 32.2% of same-sex couples have at least a bachelor’s degree in comparison to 27.4% of opposite-sex couples
What are Stein’s four categories of singles?
- Voluntary temporary
- Voluntary permanent
- Involuntary temporary
- Involuntary permanent
What are voluntary temporary singles like?
They are either young people who have never married or divorced people who are postponing remarriage. They are either focusing on themselves or just wanting to have fun without committing to one person. They are happy with their status.
What are involuntary temporary singles like?
They are people looking for a partner and are actively involved in blind dates, online dating, or personally advertising themselves. They are more anxious about their status.
What are involuntary permanent singles like?
They are older people who have divorced, are widowed, or have never found a suitable partner. They wanted to get married but have not found a mate and are starting to come to terms with singlehood being a permanent solution. Some are bitter about not having been married with others are more accepting.
What is the median age for men and women to get married in the US?
27 for women and 29 for men
What are voluntary permanent singles like?
They are people who have no intention of marrying. These people could include nuns, priests, cohabiting couples, etc. They are content with their decision.
True or False. In every country, men marry sooner than women.
False. Men marry later than women in every country
What does the social exchange theory suggest about how we select a partner?
It states that we tend to select individuals who are similar to us in characteristics like age, social status, and physical attractiveness. We tend to go for homogenous relationships to avoid having a power imbalance in the relationship.
True or False. Education is a strong filter that people use to help them select a mate.
True. Studies have shown that highly educated people tend to marry other highly educated people
What is the average age that a woman with and without a college degree will have their first child?
30 for women with a degree and 23 for women without a degree.
What is the filter theory of mate selection?
This theory states that our pool of eligible partners becomes narrower as it passes through filters used to eliminate members of the pool. Some filters include race/ethnicity, geographical proximity, and physical attractiveness.
What are some reasons why people decide to have children?
Emotional reasons (like having a bond with the child), economic reasons (having someone to support them in old age), and socio-normative reasons (society expects adults to have children).
What are the six stages of Galinsky’s stages of parenthood?
The Image-Making Stage, The Nurturing Stage, The Authority Stage, The Interpretative Stage, The Interdependent Stage, The Departure Stage
What is the image-making stage?
Parents are considering what it means to be a parent and planning for changes to accommodate the child.
What is the nurturing stage?
Stage where parents are forming an attachment relationship with the child and adapting to the new baby.
What is authority stage?
Stage where parents are creating rules and figuring out how to guide their child’s behavior.
What is the interpretative stage?
Stage where parents help their children interpret their experiences with the world beyond their family.
What is the interdependent stage?
Stage where parents renegotiate their relationship with their adolescent children to allow for shared decision-making.
What is the departure stage?
Stage where parents evaluate their successes and failures as parents as their children leave to live on their own.
How do parent characteristics affect parenting?
Parent’s personalities, age, knowledge of child development, and developmental histories can all affect how the parent acts around the child. For instance, Parents who are more relaxed and outgoing act more warmly toward their children and encourage their autonomy than those who are less relaxed or outgoing.
How do child characteristics affect parenting?
Child characteristics like temperament, birth order, gender, and health status can impact how the parent responds to the child. For instance, children with easy temperaments may make parents feel more effective while those with more difficult temperaments will make parents feel more stressed out and less patient. Parents also treat children differently based on their gender (ex. assigning different household chores).
How do contextual factors and sociocultural characteristics affect parenting?
Sociocultural characteristics like economic hardship, culture, religion, and social support can impact parenting by guiding the parent on how they should act by what skills their child needs to thrive or by affecting the emotions that a parent is feeling most of the time. For instance, parents will a poor economic status may act more harshly towards their child because of the financial stress they are dealing with. Parents who grow up in an individualistic culture may emphasize individual achievements and independence while parents from a collective culture may emphasize obedience and putting family first.
