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Clinical Skills I > Ear, nose, throat > Flashcards

Ear, nose, throat Flashcards

1
Q

eustachian tube function

A
  • ventilates the middle ear space
  • allows for pressure regulation between the middle ear and surrounding environment
  • drains mucus from the middle ear into the nasopharynx
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1
Q

anatomy

A

-

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2
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

Cochlea:
- hearing

Semicircular canals:
- balance
- rotational movement

Otolith organs:
- balance
- linear movement

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3
Q

Much of the middle ear and all of the inner ear are inaccessible/accessible(?) to direct examination. Assess their condition by testing ______ function.

A

Much of the middle ear and all of the inner ear are inaccessible to direct examination. Assess their condition by testing AUDITORY function.

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4
Q

What are examples of external ear disorders?

A

Cerumen impaction
Infection (otitis externa)
Trauma
SCC
Benign bony growths such as exostosis or osteoma

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What are examples of middle ear disorders?

A

Otitis media
Congenital conditions
Cholesteatomas
Otosclerosis
Tympanosclerosis
Tumors
Perforation of the TM

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Pressure on the inner _____ of the ear canal causes…

A

two-thirds
Pain

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9
Q

nose anatomy

A
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10
Q

Most of the paranasal sinuses drain where?

A

Into the middle meatus

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11
Q

What are characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss? vs conductive

A

Have trouble understanding speech
Complain that others mumble
Noisy environments make hearing WORSE
High frequency hearing loss
Typically gradual, progressive and bilateral

conductive:
Noisy environments make hearing BETTER

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12
Q

What is yellow-green discharge associated with?

A

Acute otitis externa and acute or chronic otitis media WITH PERFORATION

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13
Q

What should be suspected when tinnitus is associated with hearing loss and vertigo?

A

Meniere disease

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14
Q

Medications known to cause permanent hearing loss vs temporary

A

permanent:
Aminoglycosides
Chemotherapeutic agents

temporary:
Aspirin
NSAIDs
Quinine
Furosemide (loop diuretics)

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15
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Sensation of true rotational movement of the patient or surroundings -> represents VESTIBULAR diseases

Problem:
- in the labyrinths of the inner ear
-peripheral lesions of CN VIII
- lesions in its central pathways or nuclei in the brain

16
Q

Acute bacterial sinusitis is unlikely until…

A

Viral URI symptoms persist more than 7 days

17
Q

If nasal congestion is only on one side consider…

A

Deviated nasal septum
Nasal polyp
Foreign body
Wegener granuloma
Carcinoma

18
Q

What are causes of epistaxis?

A

Trauma (nose picking)**
Inflammation
Drying and crusting of nasal mucosa
Tumors
Foreign bodies
Anticoagulants
NSAIDs
Vascular malformations
Coagulopathies

19
Q

Movement of the auricle and tragus is painful in what ds

A

acute otitis externa

20
Q

Otitis media can occasionally progress to ________

A

acute mastoiditis!!!
which presents with
- postauricular swelling
-fluctuance
- erythema
- significant tenderness.

21
Q

Otitis externa : malignant and chronic

A

Otitis externa- red, swollen, painful, purulent, tug test is painful

Malignant external otitis- persistent otitis externa, osteomyelitis, smelly

chronic otitis externa: skin of the canal is often thickened, red, and itchy.

22
Q

amber color TM + thickened TM

A

serous effusion

23
Q

Tenderness of the nasal tip or ala

A

Local infection: furuncle

particularly if there is a small erythematous and swollen area.

24
Q

If there is no mobility of the TM…

A

Suggestive of a perforation

25
Q

What does the whisper test detect?

A

Significant hearing loss of greater than 30 decibels

26
Q

In viral rhinitis, the mucosa is…
___

In allergic rhinitis, the mucosa is… _____

A

viral rhinitis: Reddened and swollen
allergic rhinitis: Pale, bluish, blanched, edematous

27
Q

What are causes of septal formation?

A

Trauma
Surgery
Intranasal use of cocaine or amphetamines

28
Q

What is the submandibular duct + parotid duct also called?

A

submandibular gland: Whartons duct

Parotid duct: Stenson’s duct

29
Q
A
30
Q

Note that there are 32 adult teeth, numbered 1 to 16 right to left on the upper jaw and 17 to 32 left to right on the lower jaw

A
31
Q
A
32
Q

If hoarseness lasts more than 2 weeks, consider…

A

Hypothyroidism
Reflux
Vocal cord nodules
Head and neck cancers
Neurological disorders such as Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and myasthenia gravis

33
Q

What is suggestive of denture stomatitis?

A

Bright red edematous mucosa underneath a denture

33
Q

What is torus palantinus?

A

Benign middle lump on the roof of the mouth

34
Q

Who is at highest risk for cancers of the tongue and oral cavity?

A

Men >50
Smokers
Heavy users of chewing tobacco or ETOH

Inspection and palpation of oral cavity
- erythroplakia
-leukoplakia

35
Q

What happens when there is a lesion of CN XII?

A

Tongue points toward side of lesion
ask pt to stick out tongue + tongue is not symmetrical

36
Q

What happens when CNX is paralyzed?

A

Soft palate fails to rise
Uvula deviated to opposite side

“say ahhhh”; gag reflex

37
Q

Angioedema

A

localized subcutaneous or submucosal swelling caused by leakage of intravascular fluid into interstitial tissue

Clinical Skills I (11 decks)

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