Ear, nose, throat Flashcards
eustachian tube function
- ventilates the middle ear space
- allows for pressure regulation between the middle ear and surrounding environment
- drains mucus from the middle ear into the nasopharynx
anatomy
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What makes up the inner ear?
Cochlea:
- hearing
Semicircular canals:
- balance
- rotational movement
Otolith organs:
- balance
- linear movement
Much of the middle ear and all of the inner ear are inaccessible/accessible(?) to direct examination. Assess their condition by testing ______ function.
Much of the middle ear and all of the inner ear are inaccessible to direct examination. Assess their condition by testing AUDITORY function.
What are examples of external ear disorders?
Cerumen impaction
Infection (otitis externa)
Trauma
SCC
Benign bony growths such as exostosis or osteoma
What are examples of middle ear disorders?
Otitis media
Congenital conditions
Cholesteatomas
Otosclerosis
Tympanosclerosis
Tumors
Perforation of the TM
Pressure on the inner _____ of the ear canal causes…
two-thirds
Pain
nose anatomy
Most of the paranasal sinuses drain where?
Into the middle meatus
What are characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss? vs conductive
Have trouble understanding speech
Complain that others mumble
Noisy environments make hearing WORSE
High frequency hearing loss
Typically gradual, progressive and bilateral
conductive:
Noisy environments make hearing BETTER
What is yellow-green discharge associated with?
Acute otitis externa and acute or chronic otitis media WITH PERFORATION
What should be suspected when tinnitus is associated with hearing loss and vertigo?
Meniere disease
Medications known to cause permanent hearing loss vs temporary
permanent:
Aminoglycosides
Chemotherapeutic agents
temporary:
Aspirin
NSAIDs
Quinine
Furosemide (loop diuretics)
What is vertigo?
Sensation of true rotational movement of the patient or surroundings -> represents VESTIBULAR diseases
Problem:
- in the labyrinths of the inner ear
-peripheral lesions of CN VIII
- lesions in its central pathways or nuclei in the brain
Acute bacterial sinusitis is unlikely until…
Viral URI symptoms persist more than 7 days
If nasal congestion is only on one side consider…
Deviated nasal septum
Nasal polyp
Foreign body
Wegener granuloma
Carcinoma
What are causes of epistaxis?
Trauma (nose picking)**
Inflammation
Drying and crusting of nasal mucosa
Tumors
Foreign bodies
Anticoagulants
NSAIDs
Vascular malformations
Coagulopathies
Movement of the auricle and tragus is painful in what ds
acute otitis externa
Otitis media can occasionally progress to ________
acute mastoiditis!!!
which presents with
- postauricular swelling
-fluctuance
- erythema
- significant tenderness.
Otitis externa : malignant and chronic
Otitis externa- red, swollen, painful, purulent, tug test is painful
Malignant external otitis- persistent otitis externa, osteomyelitis, smelly
chronic otitis externa: skin of the canal is often thickened, red, and itchy.
amber color TM + thickened TM
serous effusion
Tenderness of the nasal tip or ala
Local infection: furuncle
particularly if there is a small erythematous and swollen area.
