EAE3311 - Exam Prep - 3 Flashcards
<p><strong><span>What is special about spiral/hooked bays?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>As an example of self organisation on larger scales the bay's curve follows a logarithmic spiral.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is R₀ in a spiral bay equation?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>R₀ is the length of a ray from the centre of the spiral to the shoreline.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is alpha in a spiral bay equation?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Alpha is the angle between R₀ and the shoreline.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What are Refracted waves?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Waves that change direction as they pass through different media such as water of varying depths.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What are Diffracted waves?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Wave crests in a wave train change direction bending when going around a barrier or through an opening.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is a headland?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Headlands are bits of rock that are flanked by water on three sides.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How are headlands formed?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.</span></p>
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<p><span>Definition</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Discordant coastline</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Coastline with different types of rock leading to the formation of headlands</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How do sea caves and undercutting start formation?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>With a line of weakness that allows for more rapid erosion.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How are wave cut platforms created?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>As the waves strike the base of the headland repeatedly, the waves erode not only the cliff but also the bench itself creating a wave cut platform.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What are marine terraces? </span></strong></p>
<p><span>Old wave cut platforms.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What did sandstone cliffs form from?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Old sand dunes. </span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How common are ICOLLs in australia?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Australia is 21% of all global ICOLLs</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>Why are ICOLLs important?</span></strong></p>
<p>2 points.</p>
<ul><li>ICOLLs tend to support a wide array of invertebrate and fish taxa </li><li>The functioning of ICOLL food webs are strongly influenced by entrance opening and closing regimes.</li></ul>
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<p><strong><span>What are the potential environmental impacts of artificially opening the ICOLLs?</span></strong></p>
<p>4 points.</p>
<ul> <li>Direct loss of habitat</li> <li>Increased sand shoaling</li> <li>Fish kills</li> <li>New conditions may promote the growth of things such as mangroves</li></ul>
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<p><strong><span>Why do fish kills occur when artificially opening ICOLLs?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Fish kills can occur as a result of anoxic conditions in ICOLLs following artificial opening and rapid water level changes.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is a barrier Island?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Very long offshore deposits of sand that are parallel to the shoreline. That are not tied onto the shore in any way.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How do barrier islands form?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>They are the remnants of old sand dunes when the sea level was lower.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What forms under salt marshes?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Peat beds.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is happening to barrier Islands?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>They are moving towards the shore and will eventually merge with the coast.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>Why do deltas form?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>They form when rivers carry more sediment to the sea than the longshore currents can carry away. </span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is a Bird foot delta?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>It is a river dominated delta</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What are most of Australia’s deltas?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Tide dominated delta’s due to smaller rivers that are not going fast.<br></br>This happens because Australia is arid and flat.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>Emergent shoreline features?</span></strong></p>
<ul>Marine terraces<li>Stranded beach deposits</li></ul>
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<p><strong><span>Submergent shoreline features</span></strong></p>
<ul>Drowned beaches<li>Drowned river valleys</li><li>Submerged coastal dunes</li></ul>
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<p><strong><span>What is Bruun’s rule?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>The concept is that the entire beach profile will shift landward and upward in response to a rise in sea level.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How are large grains affected by Backwash?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Larger grains sizes are more parable meaning less backwash</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How much could beaches moved have inland by 2100?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Possibly as much as 100m</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the pacific?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>50.1%</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the Atlantic? </span></strong></p>
<p><span>26%</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the Indian ocean </span></strong></p>
<p><span>20.5%</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>How much of the total ocean area is the Arctic?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>3.4%</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is a Sea?</span></strong></p>
<p>4 points.</p>
<ul> <li>Smaller and shallower than an ocean</li> <li>Composed of saltwater</li> <li>Partially enclosed by land</li> <li>Directly connected to the world ocean</li></ul>
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<p><strong><span>Where does the continental margin stop?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>When the effects of the continent stop</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>What is a shelf break?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Massive underwater cliff at the end of the continental shelf</span></p>
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<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Passive margins</span></strong></p>
<ul>Not on edge of plate<li>Little volcanism or earthquakes</li><li>Material is weathered from land and forms a broad wedge of sediment </li><li>Common in the atlantic</li></ul>
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<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Active margins</span></strong></p>
<p>3 points.</p>
<ul>Occur where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the edge of a continent<li>High level of volcanism and earthquake activity</li><li>Accretionary wedge can occur</li><li>Common in the pacific rim</li></ul>
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