EAE3311 - Exam Prep - 2

Question 1

<p><strong><span>What are bathymetric maps interpolated from?</span></strong></p>

Answer 1

<p><span>Point measurements collected by Acoustic surveys and LiDAR. </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10aa}</span></p>

Question 2

<p><strong><span>What functions are used to calculate phi?</span></strong></p>

Answer 2

<p><span>using functions (F) that describe the relationship between the value at point u and neighbouring values of varying distance (d). The spatial relationship between the sampling points is described by a set of location vectors.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ab}</span></p>

Question 3

<p><strong><span>What are the ways to interpolate unknown values?</span></strong></p>

Answer 3

<ul> <li>Interpolation algorithms</li> <li>For example </li> <ul> <li>Inverse distance squared</li> <li>Splines</li> <li>Radial basis functions</li> <li>Triangulation</li> </ul></ul>

<div></div>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ac}</span></p>

Question 4

<p><strong><span>What is provenance?</span></strong></p>

Answer 4

<p><span>The source of a sediment</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ad}</span></p>

Question 5

<p><strong><span>What is the benefit to analysing provenance?</span></strong></p>

Answer 5

<p><span>Understanding of the origin of sediment and where it was formed can help in the formation of management solutions.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ae}</span></p>

Question 6

<p><strong><span>What are the impacts of mass transport to the ocean?</span></strong></p>

Answer 6

<ul>Supplies the majority of ocean sediments<li>Affects water clarity</li><li>Provides nutrients and minerals to the marine food chain</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10af}</span></p>

Question 7

<p><strong><span>What is the typical size of material transported via water and wind?</span></strong></p>

Answer 7

<p><span>Small in nature</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ag}</span></p>

Question 8

<p><strong><span>Examples of low lying landscapes of solute and particle deposition?</span></strong></p>

Answer 8

<ul>Oceans<li>Flood plains</li><li>lakes</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ah}</span></p>

Question 9

<p><strong><span>What are some of the common compounds that dissolve in water?</span></strong></p>

Answer 9

<ul>Salts<li>Ionic and polar compounds</li><li>Inorganic compounds</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ai}</span></p>

Question 10

<p><strong><span>What are two of water's key properties and the resulting effects?</span></strong></p>

Answer 10

<ul>Water is excellent solvent-results in a large dissolved load of salts and nutrients<li>Water has low heat conductance which limits mixing between water parcels creating strong delineations between water parcels</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10aj}</span></p>

Question 11

<p><strong><span>What is water's density determined by?</span></strong></p>

Answer 11

<p><span>Temperature, pressure and solute mass</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ak}</span></p>

Question 12

<p><strong><span>How often does water of different densities mix and wha would be an example of where they do?</span></strong></p>

Answer 12

<p><span>Water of different densities rarely mix but do for example under the influence of waves</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10al}</span></p>

Question 13

<p><strong><span>Where does photosynthesis/productivity occur and by what usually?</span></strong></p>

Answer 13

<p><span>Occurs in the upper ocean by phytoplankton</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10am}</span></p>

Question 14

<p><strong><span>What does HNLC mean?</span></strong></p>

Answer 14

<p><span>High nutrient low chlorophyll i.e waters where ocean biomass is low despite high macro nutrient concentrations(N, P, Si)</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10an}</span></p>

Question 15

<p><strong><span>What environment is being displaced by mangroves due to climate change? </span></strong></p>

Answer 15

<p><span>Saltmarshes</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ao}</span></p>

Question 16

<p><strong><span>What do Zooplankton play a key role in?</span></strong></p>

Answer 16

<ul>Pelagic food web<li>Control primary productivity</li><li>Fish stocks as key food source for fish larvae</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ap}</span></p>

Question 17

<p><strong><span>What are the migrations in the pelagic Zone?</span></strong></p>

Answer 17

<p><span>Vertical migrations of Zooplankton 500-1000m up the water column to feed on phytoplankton while avoiding fish and other predators.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10aq}</span></p>

Question 18

<p><strong><span>What does the behaviour of a wave depend on?</span></strong></p>

Answer 18

<p><span>Its height and the depth of the water through which it is moving?</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ar}</span></p>

Question 19

<p><strong><span>Wave period(T) is?</span></strong></p>

Answer 19

<p><span>The time interval between two consecutive wave crests.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10as}</span></p>

Question 20

<p><strong><span>What are examples of shoreline indicators?</span></strong></p>

Answer 20

<ul>Vegetation line<li>Edge of coastal cliff</li><li>High water line</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10at}</span></p>

Question 21

<p><strong><span>What is zooplankton species diversity usually governed by and where can the highest diversity be found?</span></strong></p>

Answer 21

<p><span>Temperature and in the tropical to subtropical region </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10au}</span></p>

Question 22

<p><strong><span>What do rhythmic Bedford patterns occur in response to?</span></strong></p>

Answer 22

<p><span>Complex interactions between flow, sediment transport and internal forcing.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10av}</span></p>

Question 23

<p><strong><span>What is a recurved Spit?</span></strong></p>

Answer 23

<p><span>A spit that extends seaward from the mainland and has curved into a hook shape. </span></p>

<ul> <li>A dominant wind can cause the distal end to hook towards the land, and additional hooks can indicate where the spit used to end in the past.</li> <li>The side of the recurved spit that is sheltered from waves is often occupied by saltmarshes.</li></ul>

<div></div>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10aw}</span></p>

Question 24

<p><strong><span>What is a tombolo?</span></strong></p>

Answer 24

A spit or sand bar that connects an island to the mainland. Forms in areas protected from large waves.<div><p style="text-align:right;"><span>_{EAE3311 10ax}</span></p></div>

Question 25

<p><strong><span>What is a cuspate foreland</span></strong></p>

Answer 25

<p><span>A triangular point (or cape) made from deposited sediment. Formed when two longshore drifts of opposite directions meet.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ay}</span></p>

Question 26

<p><strong><span>What is a Bar?</span></strong></p>

Answer 26

<p><span>A ridge of sand below the high tide mark (the shallow ones break the surface at low tide).</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10az}</span></p>

Question 27

<p><strong><span>What is a beach profile?</span></strong></p>

Answer 27

<p><span>A cross-sectional trace of the beach perpendicular to the shoreline that extends from the backshore cliff or dune to the inner continental shelf.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10ba}</span></p>

Question 28

<p><strong><span>What is a beach profile divided into?</span></strong></p>

Answer 28

<ul>Subaerial(exposed)<li>Subaqueous(submerged)</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10bb}</span></p>

Question 29

<p><strong><span>What is sea level lowering?</span></strong></p>

Answer 29

<p><span>Under cooler background climates(-10C to 0C of thermal forcing). Northern hemisphere ice sheets(e.g. Norway, Scotland) can grow and cause a decrease in sea level of up to 150m</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10bc}</span></p>

Question 30

<p><strong><span>What is ice-temperature coupling?</span></strong></p>

Answer 30

<p><span>When simulating you evolve the temperature alongside stress allowing for an investigation of the feedback between the two systems.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10bd}</span></p>

Question 31

<p><strong><span>What is Isostatic bed adjustment?</span></strong></p>

Answer 31

<p><span>The mass of ice on continents can cause them to derform, warp and lower and its removal can lead to a rebound. </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10be}</span></p>

Question 32

<p><strong><span>What is basal sliding?</span></strong></p>

Answer 32

<p><span>The movement of ice over a wet bed or defermormed till. </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10bf}</span></p>

Question 33

<p><strong><span>What is a Spit?</span></strong></p>

Answer 33

<p><span>A spit is a strip of beach that extends into deeper water where the coast suddenly changes direction (e.g. a bay).</span></p>

<div>Most spits ‘straighten’ a curving shoreline (e.g. forming a straight ridge of sediment across a bay). </div>

<div>Some Spits jut out from the mainland like an arm</div>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 10bg}</span></p>