EAE3311 - Exam Prep - 1

Question 1

<p><strong><span>What is coastal zone management?</span></strong></p>

Answer 1

<p><span>Balancing environmental, economic, human health and human activities through management.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8aa}</span></p>

Question 2

<p><strong><span>What is the fixed administrative boundary for the coastal zone?</span></strong></p>

Answer 2

<p><span>There is none.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ab}</span></p>

Question 3

<p><strong><span>What are three types of strategies to deal with rising sea levels?</span></strong></p>

Answer 3

<p><span>Retreat, protect and accommodate </span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ac}</span></p>

Question 4

<p><strong><span>What does the 'accommodate' strategy entail?</span></strong></p>

<p>2 points.</p>

Answer 4

<ul><li>Change building codes and urban design standards eg. building elevation</li><li>Public discourse e.g make it a legal obligation to inform a buyer of risk</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ad}</span></p>

Question 5

<p><strong><span>What does the 'retreat' strategy entail?</span></strong></p>

<p>3 points.</p>

Answer 5

<ul><li>Planned retreat i.e. relocating houses </li><li>Setback new developments have to be a certain distance from the shoreline </li><li>Regulatory instruments i.e. restricting development in certain zones</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ae}</span></p>

Question 6

<p><strong><span>What does the 'protect' strategy entail?</span></strong></p>

<p>3 points.</p>

Answer 6

<ul><li>Hard defences e.g. sea wall </li><li>Soft defences e.g. beach nourishment or sand dune restoration </li><li>Living shorelines</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8af}</span></p>

Question 7

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Sea walls</span></strong></p>

<p>5 points.</p>

Answer 7

<ul><li>Very expensive ($2300-$17000/m) </li><li>Last around 25 years </li><li>Will often encourage further development behind them. </li><li>Good protection where space is scarce. </li><li>Can be very large e.g. Gold Coast OLD 35km</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ag}</span></p>

Question 8

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Revetment</span></strong></p>

<p>7 points.</p>

Answer 8

<ul> <li>Sloping sea walls built on </li> <ul> <li>embankments</li> <li>shorelines </li> <li>base of cliffs</li> </ul> <li>Make beach inaccessible (beach lost and no access)</li> <li>30-50 year lifespan</li> <li>Very expensive</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ah}</span></p>

Question 9

<p><span>Definition</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Dikes and levees </span></strong></p>

<p>2 points.</p>

Answer 9

<p><span>Embankments that run parallel to the shore and are primarily earthen. </span></p>

<ul><li>Dikes protect land that would naturally be underwater </li><li>Levees protect land that is usually dry</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ai}</span></p>

Question 10

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Dikes and levees </span></strong></p>

<p>6 points.</p>

Answer 10

<ul> <li>Widespread</li> <li>Very long lifespans</li> <li>Problems can be caused by vegetation, cracks and animal burrows</li> <li>Use local material</li> <li>Need large amounts of space</li> <li>Primarily associated with agriculture</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8aj}</span></p>

Question 11

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Soft defences</span></strong></p>

<p>7 points.</p>

Answer 11

<ul> <li>Gained popularity - particularly beach nourishment and dune restoration</li> <li>Can be used independently, or in conjunction with other measures</li> <li>Amount of sand is determined by beach profiles for more than 10 years</li> <li>Additional 40% is added to the sand being lost to calculate the amount of sand added</li> <li>Renourishment frequencies are 5-10 years</li> <li>95% of sand comes from offshore dredging but can be from fluvial or terrestrial environments</li> <li>Port phillip bay has a $8 million sand nourishment program</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ak}</span></p>

Question 12

<p><span>Key points</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Living shorelines </span></strong></p>

<p>6 points.</p>

Answer 12

<ul> <li>Habitat restoration to maintain shoreline</li> <li>Three main categories</li> <ul> <li>Entirely vegetation planting</li> <li>Soft material and vegetation</li> <li>Hard structure (wood, rock oyster reef) before planting</li> </ul> <li>Examples would be mangroves, oyster reefs and salt marshes</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8al}</span></p>

Question 13

<p><span>List</span></p>

<p><strong><span>Components of the sea level budget?</span></strong></p>

<p>9 points.</p>

Answer 13

<ul><li>Gravitational pull </li><li>Meltwater </li><li>Groundwater </li><li>Reiver runoff </li><li>Steric expansion </li><li>Currents </li><li>Winds </li><li>Carving </li><li>Accumulation</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8am}</span></p>

Question 14

<p><strong><span>What is the maximum rate of sea level rise?</span></strong></p>

Answer 14

<p><span>3m per century </span></p>

<div>(10x current rate)</div>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8an}</span></p>

Question 15

<p><strong><span>What is the largest single melting event?</span></strong></p>

Answer 15

<p><span>Meltwater pulse 1a</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ao}</span></p>

Question 16

<p><strong><span>What was the rate 14 thousand years ago?</span></strong></p>

Answer 16

<p><span>3m per century</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ap}</span></p>

Question 17

<p><strong><span>What is the current seal level rise?</span></strong></p>

Answer 17

<p><span>30cm per century</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8aq}</span></p>

Question 18

<p><strong><span>Thermal expansion is responsible for how much sea level rise?</span></strong></p>

Answer 18

<p><span>0.8-1.4mm/yr or 8-14cm a century</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ar}</span></p>

Question 19

<p><strong><span>How much sea level potential is locked up in mountain glaciers?</span></strong></p>

Answer 19

<p><span>0.43 ± 0.06m</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8as}</span></p>

Question 20

<p><strong><span>What have glaciers been doing in nearly all regions?</span></strong></p>

Answer 20

<p><span>Retreating</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8at}</span></p>

Question 21

<p><strong><span>What is the dominant source of sea level rise?</span></strong></p>

Answer 21

<p><span>Melt off glaciers.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8au}</span></p>

Question 22

<p><strong><span>What are the three main components of sea level rise?</span></strong></p>

<p>3 points.</p>

Answer 22

<ul><li>Glaciers</li><li>Steric sea level rise</li><li>Ice sheets</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8av}</span></p>

Question 23

<p><strong><span>How much sea level rise could the Greenland ice sheet contribute?</span></strong></p>

Answer 23

<p><span>7.2m of sea level rise</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8aw}</span></p>

Question 24

<p><strong><span>Does the Greenland ice sheet resemble more closely Antarctica or glaciers?</span></strong></p>

Answer 24

<p><span>Glaciers</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ax}</span></p>

Question 25

<p><strong><span>Which part of Antarctica is more vulnerable?</span></strong></p>

Answer 25

<p><span>West Antarctica</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ay}</span></p>

Question 26

<p><strong><span>How much sea level can the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contribute?</span></strong></p>

Answer 26

<p><span>Half that of Greenland</span></p>

<div>i.e. 3.6m of sea level rise</div>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8az}</span></p>

Question 27

<p><strong><span>How much would the east Antarctic ice sheet add? </span></strong></p>

Answer 27

<p><span>Reasonable scenario 15-20m </span></p>

<div>Maximum 60m</div>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8ba}</span></p>

Question 28

<p><strong><span>Which ice sheet is losing more ice, Antarctica or Greenland?</span></strong></p>

Answer 28

<p><span>Greenland <br></br>but Antarctica ice loss is accelerating while Greenland's is staying linear → this may not be true in the future.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bb}</span></p>

Question 29

<p><strong><span>What is the greatest fear when looking at West Antarctica ice loss?</span></strong></p>

Answer 29

<p><span>The possibility that we may be approaching a threshold where damage becomes irreversible</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bc}</span></p>

Question 30

<p><strong><span>Difference between worst and best case in future?</span></strong></p>

Answer 30

<p><span>Less than a meter by 3000 → multimeter sea level rise due to difference in amount of ice lost in Antarctica.</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bd}</span></p>

Question 31

<p><strong><span>Current rate of total sea level rise</span></strong></p>

Answer 31

<p><span>3-4 mm/yr</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8be}</span></p>

Question 32

<p><strong><span>Eustatic sea level change?</span></strong></p>

Answer 32

<p><span>Sea level change that affects the ocean uniformly</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bf}</span></p>

Question 33

<p><strong><span>Examples Eustatic</span></strong></p>

<p>3 points.</p>

Answer 33

<ul><li>Steric effects </li><li>Ice melting/accumulation </li><li>Seafloor spreading ore sedimentation</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bg}</span></p>

Question 34

<p><strong><span>Relative sea level change examples</span></strong></p>

Answer 34

<ul> <li>Glacial isostatic adjustment</li> <li>Gravitational and rotational effects</li> <li>Dynamic effects (currents, wind, climate variability)</li> <li>Extreme sea level events (storms and tides)</li></ul>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bh}</span></p>

Question 35

<p><strong><span>Tectono eustasy timescale?</span></strong></p>

Answer 35

<p><span>10 000s to millions of years</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bi}</span></p>

Question 36

<p><strong><span>What drives the greatest change in sea level?</span></strong></p>

Answer 36

<p><span>Tectono-eustasy</span></p>

<p><span>_{EAE3311 8bj}</span></p>