EAE3311 - Exam Prep - 1 Flashcards
<p><strong><span>What is coastal zone management?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Balancing environmental, economic, human health and human activities through management.</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8aa</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the fixed administrative boundary for the coastal zone?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>There is none.</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ab</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are three types of strategies to deal with rising sea levels?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Retreat, protect and accommodate </span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ac</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What does the 'accommodate' strategy entail?</span></strong></p>
<p>2 points.</p>
<ul><li>Change building codes and urban design standards eg. building elevation</li><li>Public discourse e.g make it a legal obligation to inform a buyer of risk</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ad</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What does the 'retreat' strategy entail?</span></strong></p>
<p>3 points.</p>
<ul><li>Planned retreat i.e. relocating houses </li><li>Setback new developments have to be a certain distance from the shoreline </li><li>Regulatory instruments i.e. restricting development in certain zones</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ae</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What does the 'protect' strategy entail?</span></strong></p>
<p>3 points.</p>
<ul><li>Hard defences e.g. sea wall </li><li>Soft defences e.g. beach nourishment or sand dune restoration </li><li>Living shorelines</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8af</span></p>
<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Sea walls</span></strong></p>
<p>5 points.</p>
<ul><li>Very expensive ($2300-$17000/m) </li><li>Last around 25 years </li><li>Will often encourage further development behind them. </li><li>Good protection where space is scarce. </li><li>Can be very large e.g. Gold Coast OLD 35km</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ag</span></p>
<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Revetment</span></strong></p>
<p>7 points.</p>
<ul> <li>Sloping sea walls built on </li> <ul> <li>embankments</li> <li>shorelines </li> <li>base of cliffs</li> </ul> <li>Make beach inaccessible (beach lost and no access)</li> <li>30-50 year lifespan</li> <li>Very expensive</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ah</span></p>
<p><span>Definition</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Dikes and levees </span></strong></p>
<p>2 points.</p>
<p><span>Embankments that run parallel to the shore and are primarily earthen. </span></p>
<ul><li>Dikes protect land that would naturally be underwater </li><li>Levees protect land that is usually dry</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ai</span></p>
<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Dikes and levees </span></strong></p>
<p>6 points.</p>
<ul> <li>Widespread</li> <li>Very long lifespans</li> <li>Problems can be caused by vegetation, cracks and animal burrows</li> <li>Use local material</li> <li>Need large amounts of space</li> <li>Primarily associated with agriculture</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8aj</span></p>
<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Soft defences</span></strong></p>
<p>7 points.</p>
<ul> <li>Gained popularity - particularly beach nourishment and dune restoration</li> <li>Can be used independently, or in conjunction with other measures</li> <li>Amount of sand is determined by beach profiles for more than 10 years</li> <li>Additional 40% is added to the sand being lost to calculate the amount of sand added</li> <li>Renourishment frequencies are 5-10 years</li> <li>95% of sand comes from offshore dredging but can be from fluvial or terrestrial environments</li> <li>Port phillip bay has a $8 million sand nourishment program</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ak</span></p>
<p><span>Key points</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Living shorelines </span></strong></p>
<p>6 points.</p>
<ul> <li>Habitat restoration to maintain shoreline</li> <li>Three main categories</li> <ul> <li>Entirely vegetation planting</li> <li>Soft material and vegetation</li> <li>Hard structure (wood, rock oyster reef) before planting</li> </ul> <li>Examples would be mangroves, oyster reefs and salt marshes</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8al</span></p>
<p><span>List</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Components of the sea level budget?</span></strong></p>
<p>9 points.</p>
<ul><li>Gravitational pull </li><li>Meltwater </li><li>Groundwater </li><li>Reiver runoff </li><li>Steric expansion </li><li>Currents </li><li>Winds </li><li>Carving </li><li>Accumulation</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8am</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the maximum rate of sea level rise?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>3m per century </span></p>
<div>(10x current rate)</div>
<p><span>EAE3311 8an</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the largest single melting event?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Meltwater pulse 1a</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ao</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What was the rate 14 thousand years ago?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>3m per century</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ap</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the current seal level rise?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>30cm per century</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8aq</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Thermal expansion is responsible for how much sea level rise?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>0.8-1.4mm/yr or 8-14cm a century</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ar</span></p>
<p><strong><span>How much sea level potential is locked up in mountain glaciers?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>0.43 ± 0.06m</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8as</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What have glaciers been doing in nearly all regions?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Retreating</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8at</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What is the dominant source of sea level rise?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Melt off glaciers.</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8au</span></p>
<p><strong><span>What are the three main components of sea level rise?</span></strong></p>
<p>3 points.</p>
<ul><li>Glaciers</li><li>Steric sea level rise</li><li>Ice sheets</li></ul>
<p><span>EAE3311 8av</span></p>
<p><strong><span>How much sea level rise could the Greenland ice sheet contribute?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>7.2m of sea level rise</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8aw</span></p>
<p><strong><span>Does the Greenland ice sheet resemble more closely Antarctica or glaciers?</span></strong></p>
<p><span>Glaciers</span></p>
<p><span>EAE3311 8ax</span></p>
Which part of Antarctica is more vulnerable?
West Antarctica
EAE3311 8ay
How much sea level can the West Antarctic Ice Sheet contribute?
Half that of Greenland
EAE3311 8az
How much would the east Antarctic ice sheet add?
Reasonable scenario 15-20m
EAE3311 8ba
Which ice sheet is losing more ice, Antarctica or Greenland?
Greenland
but Antarctica ice loss is accelerating while Greenland's is staying linear → this may not be true in the future.
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What is the greatest fear when looking at West Antarctica ice loss?
The possibility that we may be approaching a threshold where damage becomes irreversible
EAE3311 8bc
Difference between worst and best case in future?
Less than a meter by 3000 → multimeter sea level rise due to difference in amount of ice lost in Antarctica.
EAE3311 8bd
Current rate of total sea level rise
3-4 mm/yr
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Eustatic sea level change?
Sea level change that affects the ocean uniformly
EAE3311 8bf
Examples Eustatic
3 points.
- Steric effects
- Ice melting/accumulation
- Seafloor spreading ore sedimentation
EAE3311 8bg
Relative sea level change examples
- Glacial isostatic adjustment
- Gravitational and rotational effects
- Dynamic effects (currents, wind, climate variability)
- Extreme sea level events (storms and tides)
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Tectono eustasy timescale?
10 000s to millions of years
EAE3311 8bi
What drives the greatest change in sea level?
Tectono-eustasy
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