EAC Skeletal System Flashcards
6 Functions of the Skeletal System
Support Protect Movement Mineral Storage Blood Cell Production Storage of Energy
6 Functions of the Skeletal System:
Support
Provides support for the soft tissues of the body, giving the body shape, and providing a point of attachment for skeletal muscles
6 Functions of the Skeletal System:
Protect
The vital organs such as the brain and the heart are protected by the bones of the skeleton
6 Functions of the Skeletal System:
Movement
Movement is facilitated by the bones of the skeleton which serve as levers to which muscles are attached, and by the articulating joints between bones
6 Functions of the Skeletal System:
Mineral Storage
Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones and can be distributed to other parts of the body as the need arises
6 Functions of the Skeletal System:
Blood Cell Production
Red Marrow, contained within the Spongy Bone, produces red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets.
6 Functions of the Skeletal System:
Storage of energy
Fat contained in yellow marrow provides an important source of energy for the body.
Describe:
Basic Anatomical Structure of a Bone
Made of two types of bone tissue, Compact Bone and Spongy Bone, covered by Periosteum. Where one bone forms a joint with another bone, a layer of Cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone in place of the Periosteum.
define:
Compact Bone
dense tissue containing few spaces, which has a high stress bearing point
define:
Spongy Bone
Lighter bone tissue characterised by many spaces which contain red marrow
describe:
Periosteum
Dense fibrous membrane that covers bones.
Contributes to bone growth and repair and contains blood vessels which nourish the cells of the bone tissue.
Provides attachment for ligaments and tendons.
describe:
Cartilage
where bones meet to form joints a layer of cartilage covers the articulating surface.
The articulating cartilage reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
5 Classifications of Bone
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
define:
Long Bone
Consist of an elongated shaft (Diaphysis) of compact bone
Two extremities (Epiphysis) composed mainly of spongy bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone.
Found in the limbs e.g. Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
define:
Short Bone
Consists of smaller masses of spongy bone surrounded by a layer of compact bone with no shaft.
They are generally cuboid in shape.
examples: carpus and tarsus
define:
Flat Bones
Consists of two layers of compact bone with a thin layer of spongy bone between.
They provide protection and extensive areas of muscle attachment.
Examples: Scapula, Pelvis, Cranium, Ribs.
define:
Irregular Bones
More complex in shape and therefore cannot be placed into other categories.
Similar to short bones in construction.
Examples: Vertebrae and several of the Facial Bones
define:
Sesamoid Bones
Small bones which are located in the tendons around certain joints.
The patella is the largest and most important
Cranial Bones
11.1 pg 3
pg 398 RW
Frontal Parietal x2 Occipital Temporal x2 Sphenoid Ethmoid
Facial Bones
11.1 pg 3
pg 398 RW
Mandible Maxilla x2 Zygoma x2 Nasal x2 Lacrimal x2 Palatine x2 Inferior nasal conchae x2 Vomer
Vertebral Column consists of:
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral - fused to form the Sacrum 4 Coccygeal - fused to form the coccyx TOTAL 33 bones
Purpose of:
Thoracic Cage
Contains and protects the heart and lungs
Concerned with the mechanism of respiration
component bones of the Thoracic Cage
Sternum
12 pairs of ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
types of Rib
True Ribs: upper 7 pairs. attached anteriorly to sternum
False Ribs: next 3 pairs. attached anteriorly to the rib above
Floating Ribs: 2 pairs. not attached anteriorly.
describe:
Axial Skeleton
Follows the line of the axis of the body and includes: Skull, Spinal Column, thoracic cage
describe:
Appendicular Skeleton
Made up of the bones in the upper and lower limbs and the pelvis. All of which are attached or appended to the axial skeleton.
The Appendicular Skeleton:
Upper Limbs
Shoulder Blades and Collar Bones form the Shoulder Girdle, which attaches upper limbs to the thoracic cage.
bones of the upper limb: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
The Appendicular Skeleton:
Lower Limbs
Are attached to the Pelvic Girdle
the bones of the lower limb: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
Types of Joint
Immovable/Fibrous Joints
Slightly Moveable/Cartilaginous Joints
Freely Movable/Synovial Joints
Types of Joint:
Immovable/Fibrous Joints
Bones of the skull
pelvis
Types of Joint:
Slightly Moveable/Cartilaginous Joints
Symphysis pubis
Inter Vertebral
Types of Joint:
Freely Moveable/Synovial Joints
Elbow
Hip, Knee
types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket Joints
Hinge Joint
Gliding Joint
Pivot Joint
Describe and give examples of:
Ball and Socket Joints
Bones can move freely in all directions
Hip
Shoulder
Describe and give examples of:
Hinge Joint
Allows flexion and extension in one direction only
Elbow
Knee
Describe and give examples of:
Gliding Joint
Where bones glide on one another
Wrist
Ankle
Describe and give examples of:
Pivot Joint
A joint which allows for rotation
Radius
Ulna
Function of:
Ligaments
They attach bone to another bone at the site of a joint
composed of dense fibrous connective tissue
Function of:
Tendons
Composed of dense fibrous connective tissue, which is continuous with the fibrous sheath covering each muscle. Attaches the periosteum of a bone, another muscle or the skin.
Function of:
Muscle
Muscle tissue is highly specialised to generate force.
4 basic characteristics of Muscle:
Excitability: receive and respond to stimuli
Contractility: shorten and thicken, or contract, to meet the requirements communicated by the reception of a sufficient stimulus
Extensibility: the ability to be stretched or extended
Elasticity: The ability to return to its original shape following contraction or extension
