E4. Heart Failure Patho Flashcards
What is the #1 reason for hospital admission in the U.S?
Heart Failure
What is the #1 cause of heart failure?
Myocardial Infarction
___________ is a decrease in cardiac output
Heart Failure
______ is the amount of blood leaving your heart.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output Equation
SV * HR
Flow of blood through the heart.
RA-> RV-> Lungs -> LA-> LV -> Aorta
____________ is when not enough blood is pumped to the lungs.
Right-Sided Heart Failure
_____ is when not enough blood is pumped to the aorta to perfuse tissues.
Left-Sided Heart Failure.
_____ HF is more common.
Left-Ventricular Heart Failure.
____ is the fraction of blood that leaves the ventricle.
Ejection Fraction.
HFrEF
Heart Failure with reduced ejection fraction.
EF <40% is _______________
HFrEF
HFmrEF
Heart Failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.
EF 40-50% is ________________
Heart Failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.
HFpEF
Heart Failure with preserved ejection fraction.
EF >50% with heart failure is _____________
HFpEF
Diastolic Heart Failure is also known as ______
HFpEF
____ is when not enough oxygenated blood is moving forward from the heart to perfuse the vital organs.
Hypoperfusion.
____ is when blood backs up from the LV to the lungs, possible the RV.
Congestion
What are the two major clinical presentations of HF?
- Hypoperfusion.
- Congestion.
What are these signs of?
Tachycardia, Fatigue, Cyanosis, Cold Extremities, Organ Dysfunction
Hypoperfusion
What are these signs of?
Weight gain, SOB, Orthopnea, Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pleural effusion on CXR, crackles/rales on auscultation, S3 and S4, peripheral edema, BNP, JVD
Congestion
ACC Class A Heart Failure
Patient is at risk for structural heart disease and does not have symptoms.
ACC Class B Heart Failure
Patient has structural heart disease without symptoms.
ACC Class C Heart Failure
Patient has structural heart disease and symptoms.
ACC Class D Heart Failure
Patient has structural heart disease and refractory symptoms.
NYHA Class I Heart Failure
No limitation on ordinary activity.
NYHA Class II Heart Failure
Slight symptoms with activities of daily living.
NYHA Class III Heart Failure
Extreme symptoms with activities of daily living.
NYHA Class IV Heart Failure
Symptoms even at rest.
Heart Failure is diagnosed using _____
Echocardiograms.
The pathophysiology of HF is all related through ____.
Baroreceptor activation.
What four pathophysiologic responses result from baroreceptor activation in heart failure?
- Catecholamine Release
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (Renin Release)
- Sodium and Water Retention
- Alpha-1 Stimulation.
Following baroreceptor activation, what catecholamines are released?
NE and Epi
NE and Epi stimulate _____ in the short term.
B-1 receptors in the heart—> this increases cardiac contractility in the short term.
NE and EPI release lead to what in the long term.
- Apoptosis and muscle burn out (Ventricular Remodeling)
- B-1R desensitization
- Change in B1:B2 ratio.
- Uncoupling of B1 Receptors (myocytes don’t contract)
In HF, how does the ratio of Beta receptors change on the heart?
Changes from 80:20 (B1:B2) to 60:40
Following baroreceptor activation, the juxtaglomerular complex releases ____, which stimulates AGII.
Renin
What does Angiotensin II production lead to?
- Vasoconstriction
- Na and water retention
- NE and Aldosterone Release
- Cardiac Remodeling
- ADH release
______ release leads to ventricular remodeling and promotes potassium and magnesium excretion.
Aldosterone
In response to baroreceptor activation, ____ receptors are stimulated leading to vasoconstriction. This results in an increase in afterload, making it more difficult for the LV to pump. Overtime this leads to cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling.
Alpha-1-Receptors.
What is the #1 cause of death in a patient with HF?
Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation. (This results from B-1 stimulation and ventricular remodeling).
____ is a rapid onset of HF symptoms causing clinic, ED, and hospital admission.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) –> Heart Failure Exacerbation.
What are the three primary causes of ADHF?
- Noncompliance (diet and medications).
- NSAID use
- Comorbidities
How do NSAIDs cause ADHF?
Lead to fluid retention
What comorbidities may lead to ADHF?
- Atrial Fibrillation
- MI
- Infection
Warm
High Perfusion
Cold
Poor Perfusion
Wet
Congested
Dry
Not Congested
Class 1 ADHF
Warm and Dry
(Perfusing, not congested)
Class II ADHF
Warm and Wet
(Perfusing and Congested)
Class III ADHF
Cold and Dry
(Not perfusing and not congested)
Class IV ADHF
Cold and Wet
(Not perfusing and congested)
NOT GOOD!!!!!