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Anatomy & Physiology > E3 Synapses > Flashcards

E3 Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of synaptic vesicles?

A

small, clear synaptic vesicles
small vesicles with a dense core
large vesicles with a dense core

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2
Q

What does the small, clear synaptic vesicles contain?

A

Acetylcholine
Glycine
GABA
Glutamate

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3
Q

What does the small vesicles with a dense core contain ?

A

Catecholamines

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4
Q

What does the large vesicles with a dense core contain?

A

Neuropeptides

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5
Q

What does an influx of calcium activate?

A
  • Synaptotagmin
  • partially assembled SNARE complex
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6
Q

What is synaptotagmin?

A

Calcium sensor

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7
Q

What targets SNAREs?

A

Bacterial neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus

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8
Q

What does the synaptic terminal of the chemical synapse release?

A

Neurotransmitters

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9
Q

What do the neurotransmitters bind to?

A

postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

What does the chemical synapse produce?

A

Temporary, localized change in permeability or function of postsynaptic

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11
Q

What does the chemical synapse changes affect?

A

Affect cell, depending on nature and number of stimulated receptors

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12
Q

How fast are the neurotransmitter responses?

A

Rapid

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters linked to?

A

Ion channel signaling

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14
Q

What are neuromodulators linked to?

A

G proteins

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15
Q

How fast are neuromodulators?

A

Slower than neurotransmitters

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16
Q

What do neuromodulators do?

A

Alter synaptic effectiveness/strength

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17
Q

What kind of potentials are postsynaptic potentials?

A

Graded potentials developed in a postsynaptic cell

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18
Q

How are graded potentials generated in postsynaptic cell?

A

Response to neurotransmitters

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19
Q

What are the types of postsynaptic potentials?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

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20
Q

What are excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)?

A

Graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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21
Q

What are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)?

A

Graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

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22
Q

What is effected by a neurotransmitter?

A

Postsynaptic membrane

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23
Q

What does the effect of a neurotransmitter depend on?

A

Depends on receptor, not neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Example of neurotransmitter that effects postsynaptic membrane?

A

Acetylcholine

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25
Q

What does Acetylcholine promote?

A

Action potentials

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26
Q

What does Acetylcholine inhibit?

A

Cardiac neuromuscular junctions

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27
Q

What are the known or presumed neurotransmitters or neuromodulators?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Biogenic amines
  3. Amino acids
  4. Neuropeptides
  5. Miscellaneous
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28
Q

what are the biogenic amines?

A

Catecholamine
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine

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29
Q

What are examples of catecholamines?

A

Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Epinephrine (Epi)

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30
Q

What are examples of neuropeptides?

A

endogenous opioids
oxytocin
tachykinins

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31
Q

What is part of the miscellaneous neurotransmitters or neuromodulators?

A

Gases (NO)
Purines (adenosine and ATP)

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32
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time

33
Q

What does synaptic plasticity change?

A

increases or decreases in their activity

34
Q

What does synaptic plasticity result from?

A

alteration of the number of neurotransmitter receptors located on a synapse

35
Q

What is synaptic plasticity responsible for?

A

upregulation and downregulation

36
Q

What are the mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity?

A
  • Changes in quantity of neurotransmitters released
  • Changes in how effectively cells respond to neurotransmitters
37
Q

What does the synaptic plasticity of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses depend on?

A

postsynaptic calcium release

38
Q

What are the presynaptic factors to determine the synaptic strength?

A
  • Availability of neurotransmitters
  • Axon terminal membrane potential
  • Axon terminal calcium
  • Activation of membrane receptors on presynaptic terminal
  • Certain drugs and diseases, which act via the above mechanisms
39
Q

What is also associated with the availability of neurotransmitter factor?

A
  • availability of precursor molecules
  • amount or activity of the rate limiting enzymes in the pathway for neurotransmitter synthesis
40
Q

What are the different types of membrane receptors on the presynaptic terminal?

A
  • Axo-axonic synapses
  • Autoreceptors
  • Other receptors
41
Q

What are autoreceptors?

A

When active, reduce further release of neurotransmitters

42
Q

What are the postsynaptic factors to determine the synaptic strength?

A
  • Immediate past history of electrical state of postsynaptic membrane
  • Effects of other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators acting on postsynaptic neuron
  • Up/down regulation and desensitization of receptors
  • Certain drugs and diseases
43
Q

What is an example of immediate past history of electrical state of postsynaptic membrane?

A

Excitation/inhibition from temporal or spatial summation

44
Q

T/F Distinctions between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are not always clear

A

true

45
Q

How long are the actions of the neuromodulators/neuropeptides?

A

prolonged actions

46
Q

What do neuromodulators/neuropeptides do during these prolonged actions?

A
  • Long term changes in number of neural receptors
  • Long term opening/closing of certain ion channels
  • Changes in number and sizes of synapses
47
Q

What part of the brain deals with neuron plasticity?

A

Hippocampus

48
Q

What are the types of synaptic transmitters?

A
  • small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters
  • neuropeptides, slowly acting transmitters or growth factors
  • miscellaneous
49
Q

What are the class 1 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?

A

acetylcholine

50
Q

What are the class 2 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?

A

Biogenic amines

51
Q

What are the class 3 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?

A

Amino acids

52
Q

What are the class 4 small-molecule, rapidly acting transmitters?

A

Dissolved gases

53
Q

What are the neuropeptides, slowly acting transmitters or growth factors?

A
  • Hypothalamic-releasing hormones
  • Pituitary peptides
  • Peptides that act on gut and brain
  • From other tissues
  • Purines
  • Lipids
54
Q

What is part of the miscellaneous category of the synaptic transmitters?

A

Purines

55
Q

What are the 2 types of amino acids that act as neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory
Inhibitory

56
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate
Aspartate

57
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A
  • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric)
  • Glycine
58
Q

What are the dissolved gasses of class 4 neurotransmitters?

A
  • Nitric oxide
  • Carbon monoxide
59
Q

What are the hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A
  • Thyrotropic releasing hormone
  • Somatostatin
  • Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone
60
Q

What does somatostatin target?

A

anterior pituitary and GI tract

61
Q

What are luteinizing releasing hormones?

A

Ovulation and corpus luteum

62
Q

What are the pituitary peptides?

A
  • ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • Melanocyte stimulating hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Vasopressin
  • Oxytocin
63
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- retains water

64
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth

65
Q

What are the purines that act as neuropeptides?

A
  • ATP, GTP
  • Adenosine
66
Q

What are the lipids that act as neuropeptides?

A

Anandamide

67
Q

What are anandamides derived from?

A

metabolism of arachidonic acid

68
Q

What system would you find anandamides?

A

endogenous cannabinoid system

69
Q

What neuropeptides act on the gut and brain?

A
  • Substance P
  • Opioids (endogenous)
  • Gastrin
  • Nerve growth factor
  • Neuropeptide Y
  • Neurotensin
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
70
Q

What are the opioids that act on the gut and brain?

A
  • Enkephalins
  • Endorphins
  • Dynorphin
71
Q

What is substance P?

A

pain
- free nerve endings

72
Q

What is a ionotropic receptor?

A

form from an ion channel pore

73
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A

indirectly linked with ion channels on the plasma membrane of the cell through signal transduction mechanisms, often G proteins

74
Q

What is inherently metabotropic?

A

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

75
Q

What do neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a direct effect on?

A

Membrane ion channels

76
Q

What are the direct effects on the membrane ion channels?

A

Ionotropic effect

Ex. acetylcholine, glycine, aspartate

77
Q

What do neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have an indirect effect on?

A
  • via G proteins
  • via intracellular receptors and enzymes
78
Q

What are the indirect effects via G proteins?

A

Metabotropic or Ionotropic

Ex. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, histamine, GABA

79
Q

What are the examples of the indirect effects via intracellular receptors and enzymes?

A

Lipid-soluble gases (NO, CO)

Anatomy & Physiology (5 decks)

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