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Anatomy & Physiology > E3 Cholinergic Synapse & Biogenic Amines > Flashcards

E3 Cholinergic Synapse & Biogenic Amines Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of receptors in a cholinergic synapse

A

-nAChR or nicotinic
-mAChR or muscarinic

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2
Q

what are the two subcategories of nicotinic receptors

A

Nm
Nn

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3
Q

what are the subcategories of muscarinic receptors

A

M1-5

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4
Q

what are the major differences btwn muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

A

Muscarinic: G protein
Nicotinic: ion channel

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5
Q

where is acetylcholinesterase found

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

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6
Q

which muscarine receptors are used for inhibition

A

Even: M2 and M4

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7
Q

which muscarine receptors are used for stimulation

A

Odd: M1, M3, and M5

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8
Q

where are cholinergic synapses found

A

-neuromuscular junctions in somatic
-all neuromuscular/neuroglandular junctions in Parasympathetic
-many synapses in CNS
-all neuron-neuron synapses in ANS

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9
Q

what are some examples of preganglionic neurons

A

-Adrenal medulla
-Sympathetic
-parasympathetic

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10
Q

what does the the adrenal medulla pathway look like

A

-uses ACh receptors
-epinephrin released/used
-effector is an adrenergic receptor

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11
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do

A

-modified types of glandular cells that release epinephrine
-responsible for fight or flight

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12
Q

what are the two divisions of the sympathetic system

A

uses norepinephrine and ACh

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13
Q

what is effected from the release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic pathway

A

Adrenergic receptors
-Cardiac/Smooth muscle
-gland cells
-nerve terminals

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14
Q

what is effected by ACh released from the sympathetic nervous system

A

muscarinic receptors
-sweat glands

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15
Q

what happens during the parasympathetic pathway

A

Muscarinic receptors for ACh
-Cardiac/Smooth muscle
-gland cells
-nerve terminals

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16
Q

what is different about the somatic pathway

A

-no ganglia
-use Nicotinic receptors(ACh used)
-effects skeletal muscles

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17
Q

what does prednisone limit

A

syntheses from prostaglandin

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18
Q

what are leukotrienes

A

inflammatory mediators produced during hypersensitivity

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19
Q

what does Cytochrome P450 do

A

helps with liver and metabolism

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20
Q

T/F: Prostaglandins have an effect that is seen globally

A

F, only affects locally

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21
Q

What does thromboxane A2 do?

A

-Vasoconstriction
-stimulates platelet aggregation

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22
Q

what does EP2 do(Prostaglandin E2)

A

targets smooth muscle by:
-vasodilation
-increases blood flow

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23
Q

What does IP do?

A

-helps w clotting
-vasodilation

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24
Q

what happens after ACh is released from the receptor

A

Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down into:
Acetate
Choline

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25
Q

where do the parts of ACh go after acetylcholinesterase breaks it down

A

Choline: goes back into the cell
Acetate: released

26
Q

where are most muscarinic inhibitor receptors found in the synapse

A

presynaptic membrane

27
Q

where are most muscarinic stimulator receptors found in the synapse

A

postsynaptic membrane

28
Q

what inhibitor muscarinic receptor found on the postsynaptic membrane

A

M4

29
Q

where are orthosteric binding sites found

A

in the middle of the alpha transmembrane segments of the muscarinic receptor

30
Q

where are the putative allosteric binding sites

A

end of the alpha transmembrane segments of the muscarinic receptor

31
Q

what are biogenic amines and what do they montane

A

catecholamines
-catechol ring

32
Q

what are examples of catecholamines

A

-dopamine
-norepinephrine(noradrenaline)
-epinephrine(adrenaline)

33
Q

what are the neuronal fibers types for catecholamines

A

-dopaminergic
-noradrenergic
-adrenergic

34
Q

how are catecholamines removed from the synapse

A

glial transporters which cause reuptake

35
Q

what does reuptake of catecholamines do

A

prevents further release

36
Q

what catabolizes catecholamines

A

Monoamine oxidases (MAO and MAO-B)
Catechol-methyltransferase (COMT)

37
Q

where are the enzymes that catabolize catecholamines located

A

intracellular in neurons and glial cells(astrocytes)

38
Q

what does tyrosine make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

A

L-Dopa
-by Tyrosine hydroxylase

39
Q

what does L-Dopa make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

A

Dopamine
-by Dopa decarboxyalse

40
Q

what does Dopamine make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

A

Norepinephrine
-by dopamine B-hydroxylase

41
Q

what does norepinephrine make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

A

Epinephrin
-phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

42
Q

what does the relative expression of neuron depend on

A

the enzymes present

43
Q

where does catecholamine synthesis take place?

A

ER

44
Q

what type of effect does norepinephrine have

A

-excitatory/depolarizing effect

45
Q

where is norepinephrine distributed

A

brain
Sympathetic part of ANS

46
Q

what does norepinephrine help

A

fight or flight response

47
Q

What are all adrenergic receptors

A

metabotropic (deal w second messengers)

48
Q

what are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and beta

49
Q

what are the 2 types of alpha adrenergic receptors

A

alpha1 and alpha2

50
Q

where are Alpha2 adrenergic receptors

A

-presynaptic autoreceptor
-postsynaptic

51
Q

What do Alpha1 adrenergic receptors do?

A

stimulate or inhibit diff types of potassium channels

52
Q

what do beta adrenergic receptors do

A

increase cAMP

53
Q

what are the 3 types of beta adrenergic receptors

A

beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3

54
Q

where are beta 2 adrenergic receptors found

A

-smooth and cardia muscle
-glands

55
Q

where are beta 3 adrenergic receptors found

A

metabolic pathways
-adipose

56
Q

where is dopamine brought to be converted to norepinephrine

A

adrenergic terminals by vesicles

57
Q

what is the most prominent class of neurons that make norepinephrine and why

A

Peripheral sympathetic ganglion neuronal cells
-norepinephrine is major transport here

58
Q

what also uses norepinephrine

A

locus coeruleus

59
Q

What is the locus coeruleus and what does it do

A

Brainstem nucleus
-projects to most of forebrain

60
Q

what does the coeruleus influence

A

-sleep
-wakefulness
-attention
-feeding behavior

61
Q

what are the two types of g-proteins linked to beta adrenergic receptors

A

-Gs=stimulatory
-Gi= inhibitory

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