E3 Cholinergic Synapse & Biogenic Amines

Question 1

what are the two types of receptors in a cholinergic synapse

Answer 1

-nAChR or nicotinic
-mAChR or muscarinic

Question 2

what are the two subcategories of nicotinic receptors

Answer 2

Nm
Nn

Question 3

what are the subcategories of muscarinic receptors

Answer 3

M1-5

Question 4

what are the major differences btwn muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

Answer 4

Muscarinic: G protein
Nicotinic: ion channel

Question 5

where is acetylcholinesterase found

Answer 5

presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

Question 6

which muscarine receptors are used for inhibition

Answer 6

Even: M2 and M4

Question 7

which muscarine receptors are used for stimulation

Answer 7

Odd: M1, M3, and M5

Question 8

where are cholinergic synapses found

Answer 8

-neuromuscular junctions in somatic
-all neuromuscular/neuroglandular junctions in Parasympathetic
-many synapses in CNS
-all neuron-neuron synapses in ANS

Question 9

what are some examples of preganglionic neurons

Answer 9

-Adrenal medulla
-Sympathetic
-parasympathetic

Question 10

what does the the adrenal medulla pathway look like

Answer 10

-uses ACh receptors
-epinephrin released/used
-effector is an adrenergic receptor

Question 11

what does the adrenal medulla do

Answer 11

-modified types of glandular cells that release epinephrine
-responsible for fight or flight

Question 12

what are the two divisions of the sympathetic system

Answer 12

uses norepinephrine and ACh

Question 13

what is effected from the release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic pathway

Answer 13

Adrenergic receptors
-Cardiac/Smooth muscle
-gland cells
-nerve terminals

Question 14

what is effected by ACh released from the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

muscarinic receptors
-sweat glands

Question 15

what happens during the parasympathetic pathway

Answer 15

Muscarinic receptors for ACh
-Cardiac/Smooth muscle
-gland cells
-nerve terminals

Question 16

what is different about the somatic pathway

Answer 16

-no ganglia
-use Nicotinic receptors(ACh used)
-effects skeletal muscles

Question 17

what does prednisone limit

Answer 17

syntheses from prostaglandin

Question 18

what are leukotrienes

Answer 18

inflammatory mediators produced during hypersensitivity

Question 19

what does Cytochrome P450 do

Answer 19

helps with liver and metabolism

Question 20

T/F: Prostaglandins have an effect that is seen globally

Answer 20

F, only affects locally

Question 21

What does thromboxane A2 do?

Answer 21

-Vasoconstriction
-stimulates platelet aggregation

Question 22

what does EP2 do(Prostaglandin E2)

Answer 22

targets smooth muscle by:
-vasodilation
-increases blood flow

Question 23

What does IP do?

Answer 23

-helps w clotting
-vasodilation

Question 24

what happens after ACh is released from the receptor

Answer 24

Acetylcholinesterase breaks it down into:
Acetate
Choline

Question 25

where do the parts of ACh go after acetylcholinesterase breaks it down

Answer 25

Choline: goes back into the cell Acetate: released

Question 26

where are most muscarinic inhibitor receptors found in the synapse

Answer 26

presynaptic membrane

Question 27

where are most muscarinic stimulator receptors found in the synapse

Answer 27

postsynaptic membrane

Question 28

what inhibitor muscarinic receptor found on the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 28

M4

Question 29

where are orthosteric binding sites found

Answer 29

in the middle of the alpha transmembrane segments of the muscarinic receptor

Question 30

where are the putative allosteric binding sites

Answer 30

end of the alpha transmembrane segments of the muscarinic receptor

Question 31

what are biogenic amines and what do they montane

Answer 31

catecholamines -catechol ring

Question 32

what are examples of catecholamines

Answer 32

-dopamine -norepinephrine(noradrenaline) -epinephrine(adrenaline)

Question 33

what are the neuronal fibers types for catecholamines

Answer 33

-dopaminergic -noradrenergic -adrenergic

Question 34

how are catecholamines removed from the synapse

Answer 34

glial transporters which cause reuptake

Question 35

what does reuptake of catecholamines do

Answer 35

prevents further release

Question 36

what catabolizes catecholamines

Answer 36

Monoamine oxidases (MAO and MAO-B) Catechol-methyltransferase (COMT)

Question 37

where are the enzymes that catabolize catecholamines located

Answer 37

intracellular in neurons and glial cells(astrocytes)

Question 38

what does tyrosine make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

Answer 38

L-Dopa -by Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 39

what does L-Dopa make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

Answer 39

Dopamine -by Dopa decarboxyalse

Question 40

what does Dopamine make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

Answer 40

Norepinephrine -by dopamine B-hydroxylase

Question 41

what does norepinephrine make in the synthesis of catecholamines and what enzyme does it use

Answer 41

Epinephrin -phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Question 42

what does the relative expression of neuron depend on

Answer 42

the enzymes present

Question 43

where does catecholamine synthesis take place?

Answer 43

ER

Question 44

what type of effect does norepinephrine have

Answer 44

-excitatory/depolarizing effect

Question 45

where is norepinephrine distributed

Answer 45

brain Sympathetic part of ANS

Question 46

what does norepinephrine help

Answer 46

fight or flight response

Question 47

What are all adrenergic receptors

Answer 47

metabotropic (deal w second messengers)

Question 48

what are the 2 types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 48

alpha and beta

Question 49

what are the 2 types of alpha adrenergic receptors

Answer 49

alpha1 and alpha2

Question 50

where are Alpha2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 50

-presynaptic autoreceptor -postsynaptic

Question 51

What do Alpha1 adrenergic receptors do?

Answer 51

stimulate or inhibit diff types of potassium channels

Question 52

what do beta adrenergic receptors do

Answer 52

increase cAMP

Question 53

what are the 3 types of beta adrenergic receptors

Answer 53

beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3

Question 54

where are beta 2 adrenergic receptors found

Answer 54

-smooth and cardia muscle -glands

Question 55

where are beta 3 adrenergic receptors found

Answer 55

metabolic pathways -adipose

Question 56

where is dopamine brought to be converted to norepinephrine

Answer 56

adrenergic terminals by vesicles

Question 57

what is the most prominent class of neurons that make norepinephrine and why

Answer 57

Peripheral sympathetic ganglion neuronal cells -norepinephrine is major transport here

Question 58

what also uses norepinephrine

Answer 58

locus coeruleus

Question 59

What is the locus coeruleus and what does it do

Answer 59

Brainstem nucleus -projects to most of forebrain

Question 60

what does the coeruleus influence

Answer 60

-sleep -wakefulness -attention -feeding behavior

Question 61

what are the two types of g-proteins linked to beta adrenergic receptors

Answer 61

-Gs=stimulatory -Gi= inhibitory