Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology 2 > E3: Sex Hormones > Flashcards

E3: Sex Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of drug is Leuprolide?

A

A long acting agonist of GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does leuprolide do and when is it used?

A
  • Continuous administration suppresses release of LH and FSH after initial surge
  • Used in IVF, endometriosis, precocious puberty, sex steroid dependent cancers, and gender affirmation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of drug is Cetrorelix?

A

GnRH antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cetrorelix used for?

A

Suppressing LH and FSH, used in the same situations as Leuprolide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the main differences between long acting GnRH agonists and antagonists?

A
  • Antagonists suppress gonadotropins in 4-5 days while agonist require 3 weeks
  • No initial surge of gonadotropins in antagonist treatment
  • When treating prostate cancer with an agonist, need to coadminister with antiandrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the adverse effects of long acting GnRH antagonist/agonist?

A

Menopausal symptoms and testicular atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Human menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG?used for?

A

Used as FSH in infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin used for?

A

-Used instead of LH, has the same actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the uses of gonadotropins in men?

A

LH increases testosterone, FSH induces spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the uses of gonadotropins in women?

A

FSH stimulates ovaries and estrogen production, single dose of LH given to induce ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the adverse effects of gonadotropins?

A

-Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
-multiple births
-gynecomastia
-uncomplicated ovarian enlargement
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is it called when a patient has sudden ovarian enlargement, increased vascular permeability, rapid accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum, hypovolemia, shock, fever, thromboembolisms, and death?

A

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the contraindications of gonadotropins?

A

Sex-steroid dependent cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the MOA of estrogens?

A

Nuclear receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the metabolism of estrogens?

A

Metabolized by the liver and undergo enterohepatic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the uses of estrogens?

A

-oral contraception, postmenopausal HRT, and stimulating pubertal development in hypogonadic girls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the adverse effects of estrogen?

A

-migraines, thromboembolism, endometrial hyperplasia, nausea, HTN, and gallbladder disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the contraindications of estrogens?

A

Estrogen dependent neoplasms and thromboembolic disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the MOA of Tamoxifen?

A
  • Seletive estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
  • Antiestrogen
  • Has both antagonist and agonist effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the DOC for palliative and prophylactic treatment of breast cancer in premenopausal women?

A

Tamoxifen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the agonist effects of Tamoxifen?

A
  • Bone: Limits bone loss

- Uterus: many increase risk of uterine cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What antiestrogen just does not increase the risk of uterine cancer and is frequently use for osteoporosis?

A

Raloxifene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the MOA of Clomiphene?

A
  • Antiestrogen
  • SERM
  • Antagonizes negative feedback of estrogen in hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Clomiphene often used for?

A

Initial infertility therapy (stimulates LH and FSH)

-Causes multiple pregnancies 5-10% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 antiestrogen drugs?

A

Tamoxifen, raloxifene, and Clomiphene

26
Q

What is the DOC of breast cancer treatment in postmenopausal women?

A

Anastrozole

27
Q

What drug would you use for advanced breast cancer after tamoxifen failure in postmenopausal women?

A

Anastrozole

28
Q

What are the adverse effects of anastrozole?

A

Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hot flashes, and joint pain

29
Q

What are the contraindications of aromatase inhibitors?

A

Premenopausal women, category X in pregnancy

30
Q

What kind of drug is Anastrozole?

A

Aromatase inhibitor

31
Q

What are the uses of progestins?

A
  • Contraception
  • prevent endometrial hyperplasia in HRT
  • Treatment of other problems when estrogens are contraindicated
32
Q

What are the adverse effects of progestins?

A
  • increased BP
  • High doses may reduce plasma HDL levels
  • depression and drowsiness
33
Q

What is the MOA of mifepristone?

A

-antiprogestin, progesterone/glucocorticoid receptor antagonist

34
Q

What are the uses of mifepristone?

A
  • terminate pregnancy

- prevents implantation (emergency contraception, but not DOC)

35
Q

What are the side effects of mifepristone?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding

36
Q

What kind of drug is drospirenone/ ethinyl estradiol?

A

Combination oral contraceptive

37
Q

What is the MOA of combination oral contraceptives?

A
  • Inhibit ovulation
  • change cervical mucous
  • change endometrium (decrease implantation)
38
Q

What are the advantages of drospirenone?

A
  • Less water retention, FDA approved for PMDD

- very little anti-androgenic properties

39
Q

What are progestin only mini pills used for?

A

Breast feeding when estrogen is contraindicated

40
Q

What are the side effects of long term contraceptives?

A

Early: breakthrough bleeding

Later: Amenorrhea

41
Q

What are the 3 emergency contraceptives?

A
  • Plan B (Levonorgestrel only pill)
  • Preven
  • Mifepristone
42
Q

What are the adverse effects of combination oral contraceptives?

A
  • Weight gain, nausea, edema, depression, and breakthrough bleeding
  • cardiovascular problems (clots, HTN, migraine, MI/stroke)
  • Teratogenesis
43
Q

What are the benefits of combination oral contraceptives?

A
  • effective contraception
  • reduces risk for ovarian and endometrial cancer, ovarian cysts, benign breast disease, ectopic pregnancy, and iron deficiency
44
Q

What are the absolute contraindications for combination oral contraceptives?

A

ASCVD, thromboembolic phenomena, estrogen dependent cancers, Cerebrovascular disorders, pregnancy, smokers who are older than 35, and uncontrolled HTN/DM

45
Q

What are the relative contraindications of combination oral contraceptives?

A

Liver disease, children who have not yet completed epiphyseal closure, migraine, smoking, and older than 35

46
Q

What are the possible drug interactions with combination oral contraceptives?

A
  • p450 inducers reduce effectiveness
  • ABx can reduce effectiveness
  • Contraceptives can decrease effectiveness of anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, TCAs, guanethidine, and, oral hypoglycemic
47
Q

What happens in menopause?

A

-reduced ovarian response to gonadotropins, decreased ovarian steroids, and increased gonadotropins

48
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause?

A
  • Vasomotor problems (HA, palpitations, hot flashes)
  • Genito-urinary problems: vaginal dryness, atrophy, and pain
  • Osteoporosis
  • Heart disease ( increase cholesterol and LDL, decreased HDL)
49
Q

What are the adverse effects of HRT?

A
  • Endometrial cancer (progestin decreases this risk)
  • breast cancer
  • CVD
  • Gallbladder disease
50
Q

What are the guidelines for prescribing HRT?

A
  • <10 years after menopause, HRT has more benefits than risks
  • > 10 years after menopause, dont use HRT
51
Q

What are the physiological effects of androgens?

A
  • Virilizing effects (spermatogenesis and sexual development)
  • Anabolic effects (increase bone density, amino acid incorporation into muscle, and RBC mass)
  • Puberty
52
Q

What are the uses of testosterone?

A

-Testicular deficiency, female hypopituitarism, hypoproteinemia of nephrosis, negative nitrogen balance, and female-to-male gender affirming hormonal treatment

53
Q

What are the side effects of Androgens in men?

A

Decreased spermatogenesis and may exacerbate prostate cancer

54
Q

What are the side effects of androgens in women?

A

Masculinization, pseudohermaphroditism

55
Q

What are the side effects of androgens for both sexes?

A
  • oily skin/acne
  • decreased HDL
  • Psychological changes
  • baldness
  • fluid retention
56
Q

What two drugs are androgen receptor antagonists?

A

Flutamide and spironolactone

57
Q

What kind of drug is flutamide and what is it used for?

A
  • androgen receptor antagonist

- used in prostate cancer with long acting GnRH agonist

58
Q

What are the uses of spironolactone in hormone replacement?

A
  • hirsutism, PCOS, and PMS in women

- Precocious puberty

59
Q

What kind of drug is Finasteride?

A

5 alpha reductase inhibitor

-suppresses male sex accessory organs without affecting libido

60
Q

What are the uses of finasteride?

A

BPH and male pattern baldness

61
Q

What are the side effects of finasteride?

A

Gynecomastia or impotence

-teratogenic

Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions