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Microbiology > E2L15: Chemical Methods - Protein Coag. > Flashcards

E2L15: Chemical Methods - Protein Coag. Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 ways to denature proteins?

A

1) protein coag

2) non-specific chemical combination (oxidation or alkylation)

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2
Q

What are the 6 MOAs of chemicals for the control of microorg?

A

1) Denaturing proteins (2 ways)
2) Disrupt Phospholipo-Protein Membranes (cell membrane)
3) Suppress Cell Wall Synthesis (murein)
4) Antimetabolites (non/competitive inhibitors)
5) Inhibit Protein Synthesis (affect RNA: ribosomes/RNA polymerase)
6) Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis

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3
Q

Protein coagulants: broad or narrow spectrum? Disinfect or sterilize?

A
  • Very broad spectrum, b/c every living thing has proteins, can even be used for fungi, protozoa, viruses, helminthes, etc
  • most are DISINFECTANTS
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4
Q

What does it mean to treat something “systemically”?

A

Your treatment would have to enter the patient’s blood stream.

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5
Q

What do protein coagulants do?

A
  • destroys 3D protein structure, H bonds, disulfide bonds
  • causes protein to solidify
  • destroys enzymes –> CIDAL
  • AKA “protoplasmic poisons”
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6
Q

What is protoplasm made out of?

A

Proteins, so protein coag will kill anything w/ protoplasm in it –> very broad spectrum

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7
Q

Do humans take protein coagulants externally or systemically?

A

EXTERNALLY, b/c we have protoplasm!!! If taken systemically, they would denature all of our proteins!!! 😱

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8
Q

Name some broad groups of chemical protein coagulants from the lecture notes.

A

1) alkalies (bases: NaOH/KOH), acids (HCl, nitric, sulfuric)
2) phenols
3) chlorhexidine
4) salts of heavy metals
5) alcohols

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9
Q

Alkalies (NaOH/KOH) and acids (HCl, nitric, sulfuric) are typ. too strong to use routinely. What are some routine use examples?

A

1) NH4OH (labeled “contains ammonia) –> gen. disinfectant
(floors)
2) Benzoic acid (as is or salt-form) –> salts in sodas
3) Proprionic acid –> calcium proprionate (salt) –> anti fungal (preservative) in bread

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10
Q

Alkalies and acid MOA?

A

PROTEIN COAG

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11
Q

Some salts of Benzoic Acid are used in Diet Sodas. Why? What are the 2 salts mentioned in lecture? What brand uses which salt?

A
  • salts are soluble
  • potassium benzoate + sodium benzoate
  • diet pepsi and diet coke respectively
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12
Q

What is an research use example for an alkalie chemical?

A

NaOH to dissolve the shell of nematodes, so that the eggs can be harvested (not sure if you really need to know but, it’s in the lecture notes)

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13
Q

What does the general structure of a phenol look like?

A

OH group + benzene ring

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14
Q

Phenols are intermediate in effectiveness. What are some advantages and disadvantages of phenols? Disinfect/sterilize?

A

ADV: effective in organic matter, strongly microbiocidal to veggies (inclu TB), analegsic (pain killing, ex: cold sore mouth washes)
DIS: not reliably sporicidal (DISINFECTANT), not effective for Hep B, caustic (burns), accumulates in environ (+ keeps working)

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15
Q

What is a simple phenol also known as? What are some applications of phenols? MOA?

A
  • AKA Carbolic Acid
  • 1st surgical disinfectant (Joseph Lister in Civil War disinfected his counters to prevent Staph infections)
  • Used today as PRESERVATIVE in some vaccines (pneumonia), disinfect ear for ear tubes
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16
Q

What’s used as a preservative in pneumonia vaccines?

A

Carbolic acid (simple, plain phenol)

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17
Q

What are cresols? What’s their MOA?

A
  • methylated phenols (ortho, meta, para)
  • protein coag
  • Lysol USED to have cresols
  • (good against TB)
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18
Q

Which is more soluble? Phenols or cresols?

A
  • phenols are more soluble b/c cresols have an extra methyl group, making them less soluble
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19
Q

Cresols need ___ to keep them suspended.

A
  • emulsifying agents

- these can be irritating tho

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20
Q

Cresols (or its emulsifying agent) can source from…?

A

Get it from distilling Coal tar

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21
Q

What’s an example of a cresol?

A

Creolin!

  • dark brown/tan color
  • good to use in animal quarters (horse stables), disinfecting/cleansing, but stays in environment
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22
Q

What are o-phenylphenols? MOA?

A
  • ex: of phenol
  • protein coag
  • used in disinfectant sprays
  • McKesson = o-phenylphenols + 59% alcohol
  • for hard surfaces @ 25C
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23
Q

What do o-phenylphenols kill? What doesn’t it work on?

A
  • Kills Mycobacterium

- Doesn’t work on Hep

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24
Q

What is hexachlorophene? MOA?

A
  • ex: phenol
  • USED TO BE used in 3% soln in shampoo, antimicrobial soaps + baby powders
  • has residual action, BUT!!! can be absorbed in thru skin into circ. sys and be NEUROTOXIC!!! 😱
  • might be seen in 0.1% as a preservative
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25
Q

Did hexachlorophene get taken off of the OTC market?

A

YES!!! In 1972, hexachlorophene killed 40 babies!!! WTF!!! 😱

26
Q

What is an example of a hexachlorophene? Can hospitals get hexachlorophenes?

A
  • ex: Phisohex (hand scrubs for surgeons, b/c staph/strep both G+ and big problems in hospitals)
  • hospitals can get them, yes.
27
Q

What is Phisohex?

A

An example of a hexachlorophene, used in hospitals as surgeon’s hand scrub

28
Q

Triclosan replaced what other phenol product?

A

Hexachlorophene

29
Q

Where can Triclosan be found in?

A

Shampoos, soaps, kitty litter, also in some toothpastes as an anti-gingivitis active ingredient

30
Q

How common is triclosan? What does triclosan disrupt in the body? What’s the MOA?

A
  • used commonly
  • endocrine disrupter (disrupts hormone)
  • protein coagulation
31
Q

What can develop resistance to Triclosan? (2)

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15X more resistant than other bacteria
  • Acetinobacteria also
32
Q

What is Cresyl Acetate an example of? MOA? What’s it used for?

A
  • ex: of a phenol
  • protein coag
  • used as an antiseptic for mucus membranes (ear, nose, throat)
33
Q

What’s a substitute for hexachlorophene?

A
  • chlorhexidene

- but, triclosan is also trying to replace hexachlorophene

34
Q

What is Chlorhexidene?

A
  • ex: of phenol
  • used common in med. field, surgical hand scrub
  • GOOD residual action (sticks, but not absorbed deeply)
  • typ 4% soln + 4% isopropyl alcohol
  • also becoming GOLD STANDARD, just $$$
35
Q

What’s has chlorhexidene as its active ingredient?

A
  • ex: Hibiclens

- -> used for decolonize patients if MRSA (to have less sores)

36
Q

Talk about MRSA a bit.

A
  • from 1-2% up to 42% of ppl have MRSA on skin
  • hospital MRSA is more resistant
  • hibiclens decolonizes skin to get less sores
37
Q

What is the best choice chemical to disinfect IV catheters before insertion?

A

2% chlorhexidene b/c has good residual action

38
Q

Describe salts of heavy metals as a whole.

A
  • low activity as whole (b/c inactivated by proteins)
  • forms scab over wounds, infections fester underneath
  • irritating (slow healing)
  • some chemicals poisonous (mercury!!!)
39
Q

What are some examples of salts of heavy metals?

A
  • mercuric bichloride (no longer in use, b/c Hg)
  • thimerosal (aka merthiolate, has Hg)
  • silver nitrate (AgNO3)
  • argyrol
  • silver sulfadiazine
  • zinc (zinc oxide/zinc chloride)
  • copper
40
Q

Do we still use Mercuric Bichloride (HgCl2)? What was its history?

A
  • no!!! accumulates in environment, also toxic

- historically used as disinfectant in 1-2% soln

41
Q

What is Thimerosal? What’s it also known as? What’s it used as? Is it still on OTC market?

A
  • aka Merthiolate
  • used as antiseptic; used as preservative in vaccines; process vaccines, but removed b4 use – (end up w/ nothing left or little in vaccine)
  • removed from OTC market 1998
  • moa: protein coagulation, is a salt of heavy metal
42
Q

What was a problem with Thimerosal and Vaccines?

A
  • used to contaminated MULTIDOSE vaccines when needle touched skin and staph would infect skin
43
Q

What’s Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)? What is it used to prevent? What’s it used for in hospitals?

A
  • ex: of salt of heavy metal
  • used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (child blindness during childbirth)
  • used in hospitals to disinfect urinary catheters b4 use
44
Q

What’s the DOC to prevent child blindness (ophthalmia neonatorum)?

A

Erythromycin

45
Q

What 2 organisms could cause ophthalmia neonatorum?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhea
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • -> happens when baby picks up org when going thru birth canal + attaches to eyes
46
Q

What is Argyrol? MOA? Argyrol = X + Y? How effective is it? What’s it used for?

A
  • ex: of salt of heavy metal
  • protein coag
  • argyrol = silver + protein (gelatin)
  • not that effective
  • colloidal used for 5-20% soln
  • may be used as preservative in ophthalmic eye drugs
47
Q

When was Argyrol used for? What was it used for before?

A
  • During WW2, lotsa ppl had SEX (SIMS woo-hoo noise)

- was used up to 1940’s to prevent STD’s, where antibiotics were all the rage

48
Q

What is Silver Sulfadiazine? MOA? What’s it used for? What’s it the DOC for?

A
  • ex: of salt of heavy metal, ex: antimetabolite (sulfa drug)
  • MOA: protein coag + antimetabolite
  • used for BURN patients dressings, b/c deadly resultant infections
  • also ex: of synergism b/c silver sulfadiazine = silver (heavy metal) + sulfadiazine (sulfa drug)
49
Q

What is Zinc? What are some examples of Zinc? What’s it used for? What’s it used in? MOA?

A
  • ex: of salt of heavy metal
  • ex: Zinc oxide, Zinc chloride
  • antifungal
  • preservative in mouth wash
  • MOA: protein coag
50
Q

What is Copper? What’s it used as? Is it released quickly? MOA?

A
  • ex: of salt of heavy metal
  • antifungal (copper socks for feet)
  • released quickly
  • MOA: protein coag
51
Q

What’s the MOA of alcohols? What are some examples of alcohols?

A
  • MOA: protein coag

- ex: methanol, ethanol, isopropyl, benzyl

52
Q

What’s a general rule about alcohols regarding their molecular weight and efficacy? In comparison to chlorhexidine?

A
  • higher MW, higher efficacy of the alcohol
  • -> BUT, anything higher than isopropyl not soluble in H2O, can’t be used as disinfectant
  • not as effective as chlorhexidine
53
Q

Methanol???

A
  • not very effective

- not really used a disinfectant

54
Q

What’s ethanol?

A
  • ex: an alcohol
  • used commonly as disinfectant (ex: rubbing alcohol 70%)
  • “standard test” - test out @ [normal] + [lower]
  • -> 70% works well against E. coli, but 35% doesn’t (unlike isopropyl)
55
Q

[concentration] / 70% / 35%
ethanol / + / -
isopropyl / + / +

A

need to test different concentrations b/c adding alcohol amt to a certain size load will change the concentration, and thus the efficacy of the alcohol

56
Q

Say you have a blood spill (~100ml blood) and want to use 100ml of 70% ethanol to disinfect it. What’s the adjusted [ethanol] and is it effective?

A
  • adjusted [] = 35%
  • no longer effective!!!
  • -> important to test out [different]’s!!!
57
Q

What’s isopropyl alcohol? What [isopropyl] work for E. coli?

A
  • ex: alcohol, (duh, wtf, you so silly)
  • smelly
  • both 70% + 35% work against E. coli
58
Q

What’s Benzyl alcohol? Is it soluble? What’s it used in? Why is it not good for newborns (aka neonates)?

A
  • ex: alcohol (lmao, stfu)
  • not very soluble
  • used as preservative in IV soln
  • TOXIC to neonates b/c they don’t have the proper enzymes to break benzyl alcohol down
59
Q

What are some of the downsides to alcohols?

A
  • evaporates quickly, can’t really apply it for the 0-15 min

- not sporicidal, even if left on indef.

60
Q

Why do CVS shots use alcohol to disinfect the skin instead of chlorihexidine?

A

alcohols are cheaper, cost is a big factor, lmao

61
Q

Which of the following is used for surgical hand scrubs?

a) cresyl acetate
b) chlorine bleach
c) chlorhexidine
d) tincture of iodine
e) ethanol

A

c) chlorhexidine

but Phisohex could also be an example too

62
Q

These agents are also usually sterilants.

a) bactericide
b) virucide
c) sporicide
d) disinfectant
e) germicide

A

c) sporicide, which is basically the definition of a sterilant, lmao

Microbiology (9 decks)

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