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Oral Histology > E2 > Flashcards

E2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ossification centers

A

Initial appearances of bone tissue in the area where each of the 206 bone organs of the body form

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2
Q

Ossification centers appear in 2 different environments

A

Within mesenchyme

On or within cartilage model

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3
Q

of bones of skull

A

1 mandible
2 maxilla
22 adult skull bone organs

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4
Q

Ossification centers within mesenchyme

A

Called intra embrasure bone organ development

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5
Q

Ossification centers within cartilage model

A

Called endochondral bone organ development

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6
Q

The number of ossification centers in each bone

A

Varies from bone to bone

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7
Q

Mandible intramembranous ossification centers

A

1 bone 2 ossification centers

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8
Q

Maxillary bones intramembranus ossification center

A

2 ossification centers for each bone

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9
Q

Mixed ossification centers

A

Some bones have both intramembranous and endochrondiral ossification centers

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10
Q

The _______ bone has both ______ and _________ ossification centers

A

Temporal

Intramembranous
Endochrondral

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11
Q

Growth Sites

A

Addition of bone tissue to a bone organ

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12
Q

Growth sites of bone tissue formation

A 
The periosteum
Endometrium
Haters Ian
Goldman can so
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
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13
Q

No matter what environment bone tissue forms in it always forms in what?

A

Within a highly vascular connective tissue

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14
Q

Intramembranous’s bone tissue

A

NOT ossification center

The highly vascular connective tissue that growth site develop in

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15
Q

Paired merciless cartilage there is one in each

A

Mandibular process of bronchial arch I

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16
Q

Meckel’s cartilage is the temporary

A

Skeleton of mandibular processes of bronchial arch 1

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17
Q

Meckels cartialge serves as temporary

A

Attachment for muscles that eventually attach to the mandible

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18
Q

Meckel’s cartilages serves as models for 2 ear ossicles

A

Malleus

Incus

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19
Q

Meckel’s cartialge site of appearance for 2 ligaments

A

Anterior mallelar

Sphenomandibular

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20
Q

Meckel’s caritalge serve as temporary ___ ___ plate of forming mandible halves

A

Anterior lingual

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21
Q

Meckel’s cartialge serve as enclosed

A

Growth sites at the chin end of the mandible halves

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22
Q

Meckel’s cartialge undergoes retrogressive changes to

A

Become anterior malleable and sphenomandibular ligaments

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23
Q

Meckel’s cartialge s serve as both

A

Ossification centers for ear ossicles

Growth sites of each mandible halves

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24
Q

Meckel’s cartialge DOES NOT

A

Enter into formation of TMJ

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25
Q

The mandible develops as 2 bilateral halves that exist throughout

A

The interuterine period

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26
Q

The mandible becmes 1 of the 22 bones when

A

Osseous union occurs between the halves

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27
Q

Osseuous union of the mandible occurs

A

At the end of the first post natal year

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28
Q

The mandible begins development at

A

Week 6

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29
Q

In addition to the mandible what else develops at week 6

A

Tooth development

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30
Q

Mandible ossification centers

A

2

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31
Q

Mandible ossification centeres within

A

Mesenchyme tissue lateral to meckel’s cartialge s

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32
Q

Mandible ossification centers appear in the area

A

Where the inferior alveolar never branches into mental and incisive nerves

Aka mental foramina

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33
Q

Bone grows ____ and ____ from the ossification centers

A

Anterior

Posterior

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34
Q

Anterior ossification center of mandible

A

The bone incorporates the distal parts o meckel’s cartilages: This incorporated part of each cartialge Beyoncé’s the temporary lingual plate and a growth site of each mandible halves

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35
Q

Posterior ossification center of mandible

A

the bone is in the form of a U featuring facial and lingual plates; the posterior end of the facial plate incorpates and independent piece of Hylane cartilage that becomes condylar cartilage another growth site of each mandible half

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36
Q

Condylar cartilages

A

Does not arise from meckels cartialge

It’s INDEPENDENT

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37
Q

At the end of the first postnatal year

A

An osseous union occurs between 2 mandibular halves at distal chin site

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38
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Permits little or no mobility

Fibrous and suture joints

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39
Q

Synarthrosis examples

A

Between maxillary bones

Between temporal and parietal bones

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40
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Permits slight boil it you

cartilaginous joints

Pubis symphysis

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41
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Permits a variety of movements

Synovial joints

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42
Q

TMJ is what type of joint

A

Diathrosis

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43
Q

Ginglymoarthrodial

A

Joint referring to its dual compartment structure and function

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44
Q

Gomphosis joint

A

A joint that binds a tooth to a bone socket

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45
Q

Appearance of 2 ossification centers of mandible

A

6th week IU

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46
Q

Osseous union of mandibular halves

A

End of 1st year

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47
Q

Appearance of blasts a of TMJ

A

8th week IU

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48
Q

Cavitation within blastema of TMJ

A

Third month IU

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49
Q

Replacement of condylar cartilage by compact bone

A

Twenty-fifth year +/-

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50
Q

Blastema

A

Blastema is a rudimentary substance from which cells tissues or organs are formed

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51
Q

The TMJ blastema is where the following form

A

Condylar cartilage
Articular disc
Two Joint Cavities
Soft tissue articular surfaces

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52
Q

Main functional unit of cortical bone

A

Haversion System

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53
Q

Secondary Osteon

A

Haverseion system

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54
Q

The wall of secondary osteon

A

Concentric lamellar

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55
Q

Main cell of secondary osteon

A

Osteocytes

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56
Q

Separation between osteon in secondary osteon

A

Interstitial lamellae

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57
Q

Connection between osteon

A

Volkmanns canals

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58
Q

Mesenchymal stem cells give 3 cells

A

Adipocyte progenitor
Osteoprogenitor
Chondrocyte progenitor

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59
Q

________ becomes the pre-osteoblast which gives rise to the osteoblasts

A

Osteoprogenitor from the mesenchymal stem cell

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60
Q

The osteoblasts divides into 2 cell types

A

Osteocytes

Lining cells

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61
Q

Osteoclasts come from

A

The haematopoietic stem cell lineage

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62
Q

Mesenchyme stem cells are also called

A

CFU-F

Colony forming fibroblasts

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63
Q

Mesenchyme stem cells have

A

The potentional to differentiate into multiple cell types

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64
Q

MSC morphological features

A

Small cell body

Few cell processes

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65
Q

Confirmation of MSC identity is the expression of ____________ but not ________

A

MSC markets CD44 CD105

Hematopoietic stem cell markers CD45 CD11b

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66
Q

Local delivery of MSC can

A

Enhance bone regeneration

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67
Q

MSC +________——>MSC Survival and proliferation———>+__________——->MSC differentiation into osteoblasts—->+_______———> New bone formation

A

Nutrients O2 and growth factors

Cytokines growth factors and cells

Cytokines calcium and phosphorus

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68
Q

Classical Mechanism of new bone growth formation

A

Empower local bone regeneration by providing a large source of MSCs and growth factors hence boosting or bypassing the slow MSC recruitment process

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69
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

Located on bone surface

Cuboidal
Monoculeated

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70
Q

osteoblasts stain basiphilic because of the large quantity of

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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71
Q

Major functions of osteoblasts

A

Synthesis and secrete extracellular matrix

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72
Q

TNAP

A

Tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase

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73
Q

NPP1

A

Nucleotide pyorphospatase phosphorites tase

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74
Q

NTP

A

Nucleoside Triphosphates

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75
Q

ANK

A

Ankylosis protein

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76
Q

BSP

A

Bone sialoprotein

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77
Q

Inside the vesicles

A

Calcium and phosphorus can reach high concentrations without being saturated

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78
Q

RANKL

A

Stimulate osteoclast differentiation and maturation

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79
Q

OPG

A

Bing to RANKL and indirectly inhibit osteoclast differentiation

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80
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone maintaining cells

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81
Q

Osteocytes derived from

A

Osteoblasts when buried in the matrix

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82
Q

Osteocytes are located in

A

Lacunae inside the matrix

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83
Q

Most abundant cell type in bone

A

Osteocytes

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84
Q

Osteocytes are _____ and have multiple _______

A

Mononucleated

Multiple dendritic processes

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85
Q

Osteocytes regulate

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts through cell processes

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86
Q

Osteocytes maintain

A

Bone vitality and function

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87
Q

Osteocytes can sense

A

Mechanical loading from fluid flow and hydrostatic pressure

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88
Q

After sense loading osteocyte

A

Regulate bone formation/resorption mainly through the sclerosis-OPG/RNAKL system

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89
Q

Sclerostin (SOST)

A

Is only expressed in osteocytes not in any other bone cells

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90
Q

Largest of all bone cells types

A

Osteoclasts

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91
Q

Osteoclasts are often located

A

On bone surface (howships lacunae)

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92
Q

Osteoclasts are _______ and have ________

A

Multinucleated

TRAP -tartrate resistant acid phosphatase positive cytoplasm

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93
Q

Osteoclasts border

A

Ruffled border

Pump H+ for demineralization

release enzymes for organic matrix degradation

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94
Q

Sealing zone(osteoclasts)

A

Attachment and sealing

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95
Q

Osteoclasts have abundant

A

Mitochondria

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96
Q

Osteoclast vesicles contain

A

Acid phosphatase

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97
Q

3 main functions of osteoclasts

A

Demineralization bone

Degraded organic matrix

Endocytosis of degraded products

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98
Q

Bone line cells characteristics

A

Flattened spindle shape
Located on bone surface

Ovoid mon nucleus
Few organelles

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99
Q

Bone lining cells function

A

Uncertain

May be induced to proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts

May be involved in smoothening osteoclast lacunae

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100
Q

2 processes for bone formation

A

Endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification

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101
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Form cartilage first

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102
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Directly from periosteum

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103
Q

Sutures bone formation

A

A special intramembranous process through suture life matrix

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104
Q

Maxilla bone formation

A

Intramembranous

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105
Q

Mandibular bone formation

A

Endochondral (condyle) and intramembranous (surface)

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106
Q

Modeling

A

Change of overall bone size and shape; bone formation and resorption at different locations

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107
Q

Remodeling

A

Replacement of existing bone; bone formation and resorption at the same location but at different times

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108
Q

Typical remodeling cycle

A

Activation-resorption-reversal- formation-resting-activation

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109
Q

Trabecular bone remodeling starts

A

At bone surfaces

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110
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Unbalanced formation/resorption—-> net bone loss

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111
Q

Remodeling rate

A

Children> adults

Trabecular bone> cortical bone

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112
Q

Cycle duration

A

Formation > resorption

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113
Q

Alveolar and ____ bones are continuous

A

Basal

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114
Q

Trabecular bone is only presented in the ______ or under the alveolar crest in the interdental area

A

Apical 1/3 of the alveolar process

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115
Q

Sharpey’s fibers insert

A

Into bundle bone layer

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116
Q

Cells between Sharpey’s fibers

A

Fibroblasts
Mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitor

Vascular cells

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117
Q

Cells on bone surface

A

Osteoblasts

Bone Linining cells

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118
Q

Jaw bone mesenchyme is developed from

A

Neural crest and mesoderm

1st brachial arch

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119
Q

Postnatal growth of the alveolar process is highly correlated with

A

Tooth eruption

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120
Q

Tooth agenesis

A

Poor development of alveolar bone

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121
Q

Alveolar bone formation

A

Vertically at crests along with tooth eruption; transversely at buccal surface and lingual bundle bone along with buccal expansion

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122
Q

Alveolar bone resorption

A

Lingual surface and buccal bundle bone

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123
Q

Alveolar Bone Loss: Risk Factors

A 
Periodontal disease
Tooth Loss
Pathology
Systemic disease
Side effects of medication
Trauma parafunctional excessive orthodontic force
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124
Q

During tooth movement

A

Due to resorption on one side formation on the other the interdental septum is relocated but not removed

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125
Q

PDL fibers attachment adapts

A

To bone remodeling

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126
Q

PDL fibers Bone restoration side

A

Detachment——->attachment reconstitution

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127
Q

PDL fibers Bone formation side

A

Thickening of bundle bone ————> remodeling of bundle bone from the endosteum (opposite side of the PDL)

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128
Q

Normally osteoclasts are present in the PDL

True of False

A

FALSE

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129
Q

Upon receiving compressive force osteoclasts are require from

A

The blood flow (light pressure) and the bone marrow of the adjective alveolar process (heavy pressure)

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130
Q

Heavy pressure

A

In response to heavy pressure osteoclasts were recruited form the bone marrow, the opposite side of the PDL—-> underwing resorption

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131
Q

Possible sources of osteoblasts (4)

A

Osteoblasts already present at bone surface

MSCs in PDL

MSCs in bone marrow

Bone linings

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132
Q

Eruption is the movement

A

Of a tooth from its formative stages within the jaws to its functional stage in the oral cavity

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133
Q

Physiologically a tooth will move

A

In all direction except apically and continues to move throughout its existence in the oral cavity

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134
Q

3 stages of eruption

A

Pre-emergence
Prefunctional
Functional

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135
Q

Preemergence stage

A

Main direction of movement is facially

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136
Q

Prefunctinal Stage

A

Main direction of movement is occlusally

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137
Q

Functional Stage

A

Main direction of movement is mesially

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138
Q

Preemergence stages start with the appearance of_______ and continues to the apprentice of___________ just prior to start of root dentin formation

A

Dental lamina

reduced enamel epithelium and her twigs root sheath

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139
Q

Reduced enamel epithelium is attached to completed enamel surface by

A

Basal lamina, last secretion of ameloblasts

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140
Q

Hertwigs root sheath

A

Inner and outer layers of enamel organ

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141
Q

After enamel formation is complete 4 cell layers of enamel organ becomes

A

Reduced enable epithelium

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142
Q

Cervical loop is where

A

Outer and inner layers of enamel organ come together to form hertwigs epithelial root sheath

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143
Q

Hertwigs epitheal root sheath serves 2 main functions

A

Determines number of root canals of tooth

Determines root dentin outline

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144
Q

Preemergence is before the start

A

Of root formation

Number of roots will be determined at this stage with hertwigs sheath

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145
Q

Establishment of DEJ and pulp chamber appears during

A

Preemergence stage

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146
Q

Enamel formation and crown dentin appearance present during

A

Preemergence stage

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147
Q

Prefunctilnal stage of eruption starts with____and ends with ______

A

Root dentin formation

Tooth reaches occlusal plane

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148
Q

Prefunctional stage main direction of movement

A

Occlusally

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149
Q

Hertwigs epeithal sheath continues as

A

Diaphragm

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150
Q

As HER sheath breaks up

A

Cementum forms on exposed dentin

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151
Q

Emergence into oral cavity reduced enamel epithelium becomes

A

Junctional epithelim

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152
Q

Merger of _____ and ____ during prefunctional stage of eruption

A

Reduced enamel epithelium

Oral epithelium

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153
Q

Differentiation of cementoblasts and cementogenesis occurs during

A

Prefunctinal stage

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154
Q

Formation of periodontal ligament site during

A

Prefunctional stage

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155
Q

Appearance of epithelial rest of Malassez

A

Prefunctional stage

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156
Q

Collagen fiber binders of PDL during prefunctional stage

A

Are not funcitonally arranged in groups: arranged obliquely

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157
Q

Functional stage of eruption starts at

A

Occlusal plane and physiologically continues throughout life

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158
Q

Functional stage main movement

A

Physiological mesial drift

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159
Q

Junctional epithelium position changes during

A

Functional eruption

160
Q

Functional arrangement of principal fiber bundles of PDL occurs during

A

Functional stage of eruption

161
Q

Changes during functional eruption

A

Attrition
Dead tracts
Reparative dentin

162
Q

Changes to pulp during functional stage of eruption

A

Reduced pulp tissue volume

Ectopic mineralization
Dentin formation

163
Q

Functional stage junctional epithelium moves

A

From its attachment to just enamel to enamel and cementum then to just cementum

164
Q

Reciprocal induction occurs between ____ during functional stage

A

Junctional epithelium and adjacent connective tissue

165
Q

The physiologic elimination of primary teeth caused by

A

The resorption action of odontoclasts

166
Q

Odontoclast originiate in

A

Bone marrow like osteoclasts

167
Q

Openings in the bone located lingual to the primary anterior teeth are called

A

Gubernaculum canals

168
Q

Gubernaculum ligament

A

Passes through the canal to the dental follicle of a succeedaneous tooth and are through to help hide the tooth into the oral cavity

169
Q

Periodontium

A

Cementum
Alveolar bone
PDL
Gingiva

170
Q

Cervical loops defines

A

Edge of enamel organ during bell stage

171
Q

Outer enamel epithelim

A

Cuboidal

172
Q

Inner enamel epithelium

A

Columnar cells

173
Q

Stratum intermedium

A

2-3 cell thick layer adjacent to IEE

174
Q

Stellate reticulum

A

Star shaped cells

175
Q

What induces root odontoblasts differentiation

A

Hertwigs

176
Q

Dental Papilla

A

Undifferentiated ectomesenchymal cells

177
Q

HERS induces

A

Dental papilla cells to differentiate to pre odontoblasts then odontoblasts

178
Q

“Rootless Teeth”

A

Dentin dysphasia type I

Obliterated pulp chamber

179
Q

Dilaceration

A

Deformity in shape/direction of root

180
Q

Taurodontism

A

Large pulp chamber at expense of root/furcation

181
Q

Some HERS cells become

A

Epithelial rests of malassez

182
Q

Epithelial rests of malassez

A

Appears as clumps strands or networks of cells in PDL

183
Q

Acellular cementum

A

Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum

Primary cementum

184
Q

Cellular cementum

A

Cellular intinisic fiber cementum

Secondary cementum

185
Q

Cementum is defined by

A

Presence/absence of cells within its matrix

Origin of collagen fibers of the matrix

186
Q

Primary acellular cementum covers

A

2/3rd of root

187
Q

Secondary cellular cementum covers

A

Apical 1/3

188
Q

Cellular mixed stratified cementum

A

A mix of alternating acellular and cellular layers

189
Q

Cementum: Attachment

A

Cementum is important for strong periodontal structure; cementing the tooth in the socket

Acellular only

190
Q

Cementum: Protecting

A

Root from resorption and repairing resorption pits

191
Q

Cementum: Adjusting

A

Adjusting tooth position

Cellular only

192
Q

Cementum : Sealing

A

Sealing dentin tubules-hydrodynamic theory of dental sensitivity inhibiting bacterial invasion

193
Q

Cementum compostion

A

50% inorganic
35% organic
15% water

194
Q

Cementum physiology

A

Avascular
Non-innervated
No turnover-growth by apposition

195
Q

Cementocytes

A

A subset of cementoblasts becomes embedded in cellular cementum matrix

Remain in lacunae for life

196
Q

Dental Follicle

A

Precursors to cementoblasts PDL fibroblasts osteoblasts

197
Q

Before cementum can form

A

Root dentin-foundation for cementum formation

HERS disintegrates exposing root dentin surface

198
Q

Initial collagen fibers from cementoblasts

A

Intermingle with unmineralzied dentin at the CDJ

These short fibers are intrinsic, not yet connected with PDL

199
Q

Dentin cementum junction

A

Cementum initial collagen fiber bundles intermingle with dentin collagen fibers

Dentin completes mineralization

DCJ remains a less hard cushion interface between cementum and dentin

200
Q

PDL fibroblasts

A

Produce primary collagen fiber bundles of PDL space

Stitched to first cementum intrinsic fibers

201
Q

Extrinsic fibers

A

Continuity of extrinsic fibers and initial intrinsic fibers

These will become mineralized sharpeys fibers within cementum

202
Q

Major fiber group of acellular cementum

A

Extrinsic fibers

203
Q

Extrinsic fibers enters acellular cementum at

A

High density

204
Q

Extrinsic fibers are critical to

A

The function of acellular cementum

205
Q

Sharpeys fibers insert

A

Into both the acellular cementum and alveolar bone

206
Q

cementoblasts promote

A

HA deposition between a nd within collagen fibers

207
Q

Sharpeys fibers are ______ fibers

A

Mineralized collagen fibers continuous with PDL

208
Q

Fiber Fringe

A

At the cementum PDL interface

Collagen substrate-the scaffold

209
Q

Fiber fringe becomes engulfed

A

And mineralized= sharpeys fibers

210
Q

Secondary cementoblasts produce cementum

A

Rapidly-cement oil

Produce many intrinsic collagen fibers deposit the cellular cementum ECM

211
Q

Cellular cement minimal or absent in

A

Incisors and canines

212
Q

Adaptive cementum maintains tooth in

A

Proper occlusal position by compensating for enamel attrition throughout life

213
Q

Cellular cementum can repair

A

Cementum resorption anywhere on root

214
Q

Cement lid

A

Clear unmineralized

Equivalent to presenting or osteoid

215
Q

Cementocytes

A

Embedded in cellular cementum matrix

Connected to one another and surface

216
Q

Both acellular and cellular

A

Grow throughout life

217
Q

Cementum grows

A

Appostionally

Adding to existing layer

218
Q

Hypophosphatasia

A

Rare skeletal disease

Mutation in ALPL gene for tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase

TNAP breaks down pyrophostate an inhibitor of mineralization

219
Q

HPP defective absent cementum

A

Loose teeth premature loss of primary and or secondary teeth

220
Q

Hypercementosis

A

Excessive cementum

Ankylosis and difficulty in extraction

221
Q

Bone Sialoprotein

A

Promotes HA mineral formation

Critical role in acellular cementum formation in mice

222
Q

Reparative Cementum

A

Fills resorption pit (howships lacuna)

Usually cellular regardless of location

223
Q

Bundle bone

A

Alveolar bone proper

Bone lining the socket inner aspect facing tooth root

224
Q

Primary fibers entering _____ are large in diameter and less dense vs cementum

A

Bundle bone

225
Q

Lamina dura

A

Radiographic feature of alveolar bone

Radiopaque layer lining the socket

226
Q

PDL X-ray

A

Radiolucent

227
Q

Is compact bone of alveolar process solid

A

No numerous peroration to allow BV and novels to enter PDL space

228
Q

Alveolar bone distributes

A

Occlusal loads

229
Q

Bone loading causes

A

Growth

Unloading causes loss

230
Q

PDL: Nutrtive

A

Blood supply to cells of the region including cementoblasts and cytes

231
Q

PDL: Sensory

A

Innervated for sensing position and pain

232
Q

PDL: Defensive

A

Delivers immune cells including macrophages and neutrophils

233
Q

PDL: Reparative

A

Contains stem cells and progenitor cells that can repare or regenerate PDL bone cementum

234
Q

PDL: Adaptive

A

Based on mechanical loading adapts fiber orientations and influenza neighboring alveolar bone remodeling

235
Q

PDL collagen fibers

A

I
III
XII

236
Q

Oxytalan fibers

A

PDL

Small elastic fibers support collagen fibers and blood vessel walls

237
Q

PDL dominat fiber group

A

Oblique group is predominant resin occlusal loads.

238
Q

The PDL is well vascularized

A

Superior and inferior alveolar arteries

Perforation vessels
Apical routs and gingival vessel routs

239
Q

Venosus drainage in

A

Axial direction

240
Q

Gingival cervicular fluid

A

Found in the sulcus/gingival margin

Transudate from vasculatrue

Diagnostic value

241
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Most common

Nociceptorls and mechanoreceptor

242
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Found near apex

Mechanoreceptors

243
Q

Coiled endings

A

Mid PDL

244
Q

Encapsulated endings

A

Found near apex

245
Q

Cementicle

A

Ectopic cementum in PDL

246
Q

Ankylosis

A

Cementum bone fusion loss of PDL space

247
Q

Ducts from major and minor salivary glans travel thru

A

Connective tissue to communicate with mucosal surface

248
Q

Mucous membrane composed of 2 tissues

A

Epithelium

Connective tissue: lamina propria and sometimes submucosa

249
Q

Immune cells

A

Lamina propria

250
Q

Epithelial cells synthesize and secrete

A

Several antimicrobial molecules

251
Q

Beta defensins

A

Cathelicidin
Calprotectin
Adrenomedulin

Antimicrobials

252
Q

Beta defensins bind to

A

Negative charges on bacterial membranes and permeabilize

253
Q

Dentin and pulp pain fibers

A

C, A delta, A beta fibers

254
Q

PDL fibers: Pain

A

C & A delta

255
Q

PDL Proprioceptive fibers

A

A beta

256
Q

Oral mucosa inervation

A

A beta: touch
A delta and C: Pain, innocuous thermal
A delta: taste?

257
Q

Connective tissue is

A

Lamina propria and sometimes submucosa

258
Q

All oral epithelium type of tissue

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

259
Q

Meckel cellls

A

Sensory basal layers

260
Q

Melanocytes

A

Pigment cells basal layers

261
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Immune

Supra-basal layers

262
Q

Nonkeratinocytes stain

A

Clear

Because of lack of cytokeratin

263
Q

Cytokeratins

A

Large family of proteins

Assemble into intermediate filaments to provide cytoskeltal support

264
Q

2 types of cytokeratins

A

Type I acidic

Type II basic

265
Q

Central helical core of cytokeratins flanked by

A

Non helical ends

266
Q

Each cells expresses at least

A

2 cytokeratins

One of each

267
Q

Cytokeratins are assembled into

A

Could heterodimer

268
Q

Different sets of cytokeratins are expressed by

A

Different epithelial layers and by different epithelial tissues

269
Q

k5/14 keratin type

A

Is expressed in the basal layer throughout the mouth

270
Q

Intermediate filaments resist

A

Mechanical force without breaking

271
Q

Intermediate filaments are the intracellular component to

A

Desmosomes and hemidesmosoems

272
Q

Prickle cell layer ofmucosa due to

A

Desmosomes that contribute to barrier

273
Q

Cytokeratins contribute to mechanical toughness in

A

BOTH keratinized and NK oral mucosa

274
Q

Tonofibrils

A

Promote aggregation

275
Q

Fillagrin

A

Promote binding to another molecule; main component of keratohylain granules

276
Q

keratinized is ____ but lesss_____

A

Tougher

Less flexible

277
Q

Membrane coating grauneules

A

Membrane bound organelles filled with glycolipids

278
Q

Membrane coating granules 1st appear

A

In upper prickle cell layers

279
Q

Membrane coating granules occur in both keratinized and non kerainteze and serve as

A

An intercellular barrier to aqueous substances; however differences in chemical compositing creates > effective barrier in keratinized epithelim

280
Q

Cornfield envelope

A

Cross linked protein sheath comprised of loricrin and other proteins

281
Q

ECM

A

PGs GAGs
Glycoprotein(fibronectin)
Collagen I and III
Elastin

282
Q

The relative amount of type I: type III collagen

A

Is greater for less flexible regions

283
Q

Stippling of Gingiva reflects underlying

A

Rete pegs and connective tissue papillae

284
Q

Submucosa

A

Present under some regions of oral mucosa

Contains larger blood vessels and nerves supplying superficial LP

Glands

Separates LP from bone and muscle

285
Q

Lining Mucosa

A

Non keratinized

Buccal and labial and floor of mouth

286
Q

Lining mucosa LP has fewer_____ and more ____

A

Collagen fibers

Elastic fibers

287
Q

Lining mucosa submucoas

A

Usually present

288
Q

Masticatory Mucosa

A

Keratinized with dense lamina propria

289
Q

Masticatory mucosa more _____ fewer _____

A

More collagen

Fewer elastic

290
Q

Sulcular Epithelium

A

Part of free Gingiva which faces tooth generally non keratinized

291
Q

Junctional Epithleium

A

Forms seal with hard tissue

Oriented along long axis of tooth

292
Q

Is junctional epithelium permaeable

A

HIGHLY

293
Q

Junctional epithelim 2 basal lamina

A

External (lamina propria)

Internal (JE/tooth)

294
Q

What is absent in the JE internal basal lamina

A

Collagen components

295
Q

3 Unique proteins( special laminin) produced by ameloblast durin maturation phase

A

AMTN
ODAM
SCPPQ1

296
Q

AMTN

A

Amelotin

297
Q

ODAM

A

Odontogenic ameloblast association

298
Q

SCPPPQ1

A

Secretory Ca++ binding photophoprotein proline glutamine rich 1

299
Q

When the 3 special proteins of internal basal lamina are mixed together

A

These proteins form a porous structure

300
Q

Junctional epithelium extends

A

Around entire tooth

301
Q

Despite specialized nature, junctional epithelium can regenerate

A

Relatively rapid

Around dental implants

302
Q

Taste

A

CN VII, IX, X

303
Q

Oral mucosa: Pain

A

A delta

C fibers

304
Q

Oral mucosa: Cooling

A

A delta

305
Q

Oral mucosa: Warming

A

C fibers

306
Q

Oral mucosa: Touch

A

Ab and A delta fiebrs

307
Q

Hypertension

A

Heighted sensation

308
Q

Hypogeusia

A

Reduced sensation

309
Q

Ageusia

A

No sensation

310
Q

Parageusia

A

Incorrect sensation

311
Q

Phantogeusia

A

Taste in the absence of a stimulus

312
Q

Hypo- or Ageusia is less common than_________

A

Olfactory deficits

313
Q

Sensation of spiciness dependent on

A

TRP receptors associated with pain system

314
Q

Hot

A

TRPV1

315
Q

Garlic

A

TRPA1

316
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

On dorsal anterior tongue

Most numerous at tip of tongue to monitor food entering

317
Q

File form papillae

A

Spine shaped and heavily keratinized

DO NOT CONTAIN BUDS

Somatosensory fibers

318
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

CN IX

Lateral aspect of most posterior anterior tongue

Monitor food during chewing

319
Q

Foliate taste buds are located

A

In trenches not on surface

Closely associated with salivary glands (Von Ebner)

320
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Central connective tissue core surrounded by trench arranged in a V

Monitor food before swallowing

321
Q

CV taste buds located

A

In tench not dorsal surface

CN IX

322
Q

Single fungiform can usually detect

A

More than one quality

323
Q

Functional redundancy of the taste system makes it

A

Resilient in the face of partial taste loss

324
Q

Taste buds decline with age

A

Only slightly

325
Q

Tas2r

A

G protein coupled

each tas2r detects a limited range of bitter compounds

326
Q

Differences in promoter region determine

A

The number of copies of the sweet receptor that are transcribed

327
Q

Light cells

A

Have microfill I that reach the taste pore

Express receptors for taste substances

Respond to Tate stimuli

328
Q

Type III (Light)

A

Sour

Synapses with primary afferent nerve

329
Q

Type II light

A

Bitter sweet amino acids

Different subsets of type II cells respond to a given quality

Synapse with primary afferent nerve nope

330
Q

Type II and III cells use

A

ATP to communicate with 1o different taste nerves

331
Q

Type III cells can use classic synapses but

A

ATP is released from Type II cells without the aid of typical synapse using a special voltage gated ion channel

332
Q

Taste buds are

A

Modified epithelial cells

Like other epithelial cells they are continually replaced

333
Q

Placode

A

Taste bud first develop as specialized epithelium

334
Q

SHH repressed

A

Taste fate in vitro

335
Q

inhibition of SHH in vitro

A

Expands taste fate

336
Q

Tongue appears

A

EW 4

337
Q

Lingual papillae develope

A

EW 8

338
Q

Taste buds 1st appear

A

Ew8

339
Q

Taste pores appear

A

EW 12

340
Q

Hyposalivation

A

Reduced salivary flow

341
Q

Hyposalivation causes

A 
Xersotomia
Mucosal changes
Enamel erosion
Increased caries
Difficulty in swallowing
Changes in taste
342
Q

Hyposalivation management

A

Artificial saliva

Salivary stimulants

343
Q

Muffins

A

Lubricate and protective barrier

344
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Neutriliazaiton of acids and pH maintenance

345
Q

Proline rich proteins and statherin

A

Enamel maturation calcium binding proteins

346
Q

Lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins, histatins

A

IgA

347
Q

Growth factors in saliva

A

Repair

348
Q

Digestion’s in saliva

A

Mucins

Enzyme -amylase lipase

349
Q

Water in saliva

A

Dissolves stimuli for transport for taste

350
Q

During sleep, salivary flow

A

Decreases markedly

351
Q

Major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandiblu
Sublingual

352
Q

Parotid

A

60%

353
Q

Submandibular

A

25

354
Q

Sublingual

A

7-8

355
Q

Minor salivary glands

A

Von Ebners

Labial, palatial, buccal, lingual

356
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional components

357
Q

Stroma

A

Supporting components

358
Q

Septa

A

Divides gland into lobes and lobules

359
Q

Stroma contains

A 
Fibroblasts
BV
Nerve fibers
Plasma cells
Fat cells
360
Q

Acini

A

Secretory endpieces

361
Q

Acini types

A

Serous
Mucous
Mixed

362
Q

Types of ducts

A

Intercalated
Striated
Excretory

363
Q

Parotid development

A

4-6 weeks IU

364
Q

Submandibular development

A

Week 6 IU

365
Q

Sublingual Development

A

8-12 IU

366
Q

Acinar cells matureing during

A

Last 2 months of gestation

367
Q

Salivary gland growth especially acinar cells continues

A

For 2 years postnatal

368
Q

Stroma develop from

A

Ectoderm

369
Q

Parenchyma comes from ectoderm

A

Parotid

Submandibular

370
Q

Parenchyma comes from endoderm

A

Minor salivary glands

371
Q

Overview of salivary gland development

A

Protrusion of epithelial cells in mesenchyme

Bud formation

Branching

Branching continues cavitation in ducts

Terminal differentiation : maturation of ducts then acinar cells

372
Q

Striated duct

A

Secretory

373
Q

Collecting duct

A

Excrewtrory

374
Q

Acini permeable

A

H20 permeable

Isotonic primary secretion

375
Q

Duct Permeable

A 
NOT to H20
Secondary secretion
Resort Na, Cl
Hypotonic 
Secretes bicarbonate ion and secretes proteins
376
Q

Parasympathetic salivary gland

A

Salviatroy nucleus to CN VII and IX

377
Q

Sympathetic salviatory

A

Intermodlateral nucleus to superior cervical ganglion

378
Q

Sympathetic uses

A

Norpepinehphinr binds to beta adrenergic receptor

379
Q

Parasympathetic control

A

ACh binds to muscarninc receptor

Copious secretion

380
Q

Serous acinar cell

A

Pyramidal shape
Rest on basal lamina
Short irregular microfill I

Secrete many enzymes and glycoproteins packaged in secretory granules

381
Q

Serous cell protein machiner

A

Rough ER
Golgi apparat I
Secretory granules
Lumber

382
Q

Mucous Cell

A

Cuboidal to columnar

Oval nuclei pressed toward the base

Arranged in tubules around a central lumen

Secrete mucins

383
Q

Serous demilune

A

Mucous acinar topped by a cluster of serous cells

384
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Found surrounding the acini and intercalated ducts but within the basal lamina

385
Q

Myoeptihal cells facilitate

A

Movement of saliva into the ductal system neurally innervated

386
Q

Types of ducts

A

Intercalated
Striated
Excretory

387
Q

Major salivary glands ducts

A

All 3 types

388
Q

Minor salivary glands ducts

A

Intercalated sometimes observed
Striated absent
Excretory main type

389
Q

Intercalated duct

A 
Smallest duct 
Several acini drain into it
Cuboidal
Centrally placed Nucleus 
Secretes few proteins
390
Q

Striated duct

A

Longer more active duct

Site of reabsorption

  • converts isotiny primary saliva to hypotonic fluid
  • requires ATP
  • Against concentration graduate

Site of secretion

  • proteins
  • bicarbonate
391
Q

Striated duct cells

A

Columnar

392
Q

Excretory ducts

A

Series of connecting ducts becoming progressively wider

-change from single epitheal layer to psudostratife epithleium and finally may become keratinized

393
Q

Goblet cells may be intermingled in

A

Excretory duct

394
Q

Parotid acini

A

Serous

395
Q

Sublingual

A

Salivary predominantly mucous

396
Q

Submandibular

A

Serous dominate

Oral Histology (2 decks)

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