E1 Study Guide

Question 1

How does a subluxation alter the normal size and shape of the IVF?

Answer 1

When there is a Posterior & Inferior component, the elliptical shape of the IVF becomes irregularly shaped and alteration of the anterior to posterior dimension will effect the Nerve Roots…

Question 2

Bony ankyloses is the result of which stage of subluxation degeneration?

Answer 2

Stage 3; Phase of Stabilization

Question 3

Which of these is most likely to be affected by anterior rotation of atlas?

a. C2 nerve root
b. Vagus Nerve
c. C1 post. primary ramus
d. Greater occipital nerve

Answer 3

Vagus Nerve

Question 4

Which structure is responsible for determining the direction of the motion segment?

Answer 4

Facet joint

Question 5

Motion of the sacrum during gait is called____

Answer 5

Nutation and Counternutation

Question 6

What is the term for soft tissue returning to its normal shape after a load has been removed?

Answer 6

Elasticity

Question 7

Injury to which ligament places the patient at greatest risk of compressive Myelopathy?

Answer 7

Transverse Ligament

Question 8

Accumulation of metabolic wastes, histamine, bradykinins, and cytokines is which component of the subluxation complex?

Answer 8

Pathobiochemistry

Question 9

Which tract are located most laterally in the spinal cord?

Answer 9

Spinocerebellar and spinothalamic

Question 10

Which is the most reliable sign of a nerve compression lesion?

Answer 10

Lost of tendon reflexes

Question 11

Which option describes a ligamentous fixation?

Answer 11

Chronically sore or asymptomatic fixation that seldom cavitates.

Question 12

Which term describes changes in the vertebral endplate, the shape of the facet joints and the strength of the ligaments resulting from subluxation inflammation

a. Vascular Pathology
Pathobiochemistry
Pathoanatomy
Histopathology

Answer 12

Pathoanatomy

Question 13

Contraction of the rectus capitus posterior muscle has what effect?

Answer 13

Atlas anteriority on that side

Question 14

Disc block subluxation is caused by ____

Answer 14

Nuclear Shift

Question 15

Lack of ability to fully re-polarize the nerve roots in a zone of compression is called_____

Answer 15

Hypertonia

Question 16

Which nerve root is both sensory and motor for the brachioradialis reflex?

Answer 16

C6

Question 17

What structure dissipates force within a joint and protects the joint margins?

Answer 17

Meniscoid

Question 18

How does the dentate ligament cord distortion hypothesis explain changes in the inferior vertebral alignment form upper cervical adjustment.

Answer 18

Spinocerebellar tract distortion results in abnormal perception of spinal position

Question 19

What is the inferior boundary of the intervertebral foramen.?

Answer 19

The pedicle of the inferior vertebra

Question 20

Compression of vessels supplying the nerve roots results in which phenomenon?

Answer 20

Microcirculation ischemia

Question 21

Which of these causes increased concentration of metabolic wastes in the blood and tissues at a site of subluxation.

Answer 21

Extravasation of fluid

Question 22

Which structure is the fulcrum or pivot point for vertebral motion?

Answer 22

Nucleus Pulposis

Question 23

Loss of the nutritive imbition of the intervertebral disc results in ___

Answer 23

Inflammation and circumferential tearing

Question 24

Which nerve root is responsible for skin sensation along the medial leg and medial foot?

Answer 24

L4

Question 25

Blockage of venous drainage from nerve capillaries results in____

Answer 25

Increased nutrient waste transfer within the capillaries…

explained:
i. as blood backs up on the venous side the increase in pressure blocks oxygenated bloodfrom flowng into the capillary ! increase permeailtiy of vessels ! extravasation of fluid (edema) and micro hemorrhage. ii. Water then leaves the blood on the venous side and concentration of metabolic waste increases iii.Blood could reverse flow and transport metabolic waste back through the capillary.

Question 26

What is the purpose of the aggregate protein in cartilage?

Answer 26

To attract water into an avascular structure.

Question 27

Which ligaments connect the odontoid process to the foramen magnum?

Answer 27

Alar Ligaments

Question 28

Excessive motion in some directions and decreased motion in others is called ____

Answer 28

Aberrant motion

Question 29

What is the significance of an increased atlantodental interspace?

Answer 29

It magnifies the effect of atlas rotation

Question 30

Which is true about motion in the spine?

Answer 30

Increased range of motion means decreased stability

Question 31

Deformation and distortion of spinal cord is greatest as a result of what?

Answer 31

Atlas Laterality

Question 32

Which covering is the continuation of dura mater covering peripheral nerves?

Answer 32

Perineurium

Question 33

What does it mean to be “In pattern”?

Answer 33

The patient is no longer adapting to the environment

Question 34

Muscular fixation is commonly associated with which type of motion?

Answer 34

Compensatory Hyper mobility

Question 35

Where is the maximum distortion in the spinal cord according to the Dentate Ligament distortion hypothesis?

Answer 35

In the lateral spinal cord tracts at the atlas vertebra level

Question 36

Which of these results in the supine short leg phenomenon?

Answer 36

Spinocerebellar tract distortion and sub-maximal muscle contraction

Question 37

Which is TRUE of nerve capillaries?

Answer 37

Longer than other capillaries

Question 38

Restriction of the nerve root within the intervertebral foramen causing traction and compression due to what structure.?

Answer 38

The articular facet

Question 39

Which of these is most likely DIRECT result of upper cervical adjustment?

Answer 39

Reduction of sympathetic tone

Question 40

Nerve roots arising from which region of the spine arise then drop down then rise up and exit?

Answer 40

Cervical