E1 Q1 Bank Flashcards by Apricot Morgan

A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:
A. Osmotic Pressure
B. Osmolality
C. Osmolarity
D. Oncotic pressure

B. Osmolality

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Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called?
A.M
B.G1
C. G2
D. S

D. S

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What genetic disorder is the result of an individual possessing an XXY chromosome configuration?
Turner
Fragile X
Klinefelter
Down Syndrome

Klinefelter

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A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition?
Tetraploidy
Aneuploidy
Biploidy
Triploidy

A. Tetraploidy

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Screening tools that are epigenetically based have shown promise in diagnosing what types of cancer? (Select all that apply)
Breast
Prostate
Bladder
Colon
Skin

A. Breast
B. Prostate
C. Bladder
D. Colon

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Which embryonic stem cell characteristic is referred to as totipotent?

Ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell

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A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?
Gas gangrene
Fat necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Wet gangrene

A. Gas Gangrene

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An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disease, and death. The nurse knows this patient is experiencing:
Frailty
Cellular aging
Somatic death
sarcopenia

A. Frailty

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A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all the apply)
Muscle twitching
Confusion
Weakness
Nausea
Weight loss

A. Muscle twitching
B. Confusion
C. Weakness
D. Nausea

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When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers that the principle of water balance is closely related to the balance of:

Sodium

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A medical student is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the medical student describing?
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmosis
Active transport
Diffusion

A. Hydrostatic Pressure

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Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the layer itself?

Integral Membrane Proteins

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A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the physician’s best response?
Pregnancy in women over age 35
Family history of Down syndrome
Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus
Increased paternal age

A. Pregnancy in women over age 35

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An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide?
Expressivity
Recessiveness
Dominance
Penetrance

A. Expressivity

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What comorbid condition does an individual diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome have an increased risk of developing?
Cancer
Food allergies
Diabetes
Depression

A. Cancer

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A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and the laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient’s body?
Protein
Glycogen
Melanin
Pigment

A. Protein

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A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?
Subdural hematoma
Abrasion
Epidural hematoma
contusion

A. Subdural Hematoma

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An OT recalls that regulation of acid-balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the?

Lungs

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A 25-year old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results>

A. Decreased blood K+ levels

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A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure
Active transport

A. Diffusion

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A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following?
XY
XX
XYY
XXY

D. XXY

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An OT recalls the basic components of DNA are:
Adenine, guanine, and purine
Pentose sugars and four phosphate bases
A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
codons , oxygen, and cytosine

C. A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases

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During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities?
Puberty
Infancy
In utero
Middle age

C. In utero

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A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. Which of the following most likely caused her injuries?
Chemical asphyxiation
Ligature strangulation
Manual strangulation
Choking asphyxiation

C. Manual strangulation

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A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This wound would be documented as a(n): Indeterminate range entrance Exit Contact range entrance Intermediate range entrance

C. Contact range entrance

A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? Increased capillary oncotic pressure Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure

B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

A 10-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: Pitting edema Generalized edema Localized edema Lymphedema

C. Localized edema

A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer? a). Increased collagen b). Increased glycoproteins c). Decreased elastin d). Decreased fibronectin

D. Decreased fibronectin

Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? a). Amphipathic lipids b). Oxygen c). Ligands d). Ribosomes

C. Ligands

What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis? a). Neurofibromatosis b). Conjoined twins c). Polyploidy d). Nondisjunction

D. Nondisjunction

A patient demonstrates severe cognitive disability caused by a deletion of part of chromosome What genetic disorder will the nurse see documented in the chart? a). Trisomy X b). Prader-Willi Syndrome c). Down Syndrome d). Cri du chat syndrome

D. Cri du chat syndrome

5-Azacytidine has demonstrated promise in the treatment of which form of cancer? a). Pancreatic b). Gallbladder c). Liver d). Colon

A. Pancreatic

The early dilation (swelling) of the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum results in: a). Failure of DNA b). Reduced protein synthesis c). Increased Na+ K+ pump function d). Increased aerobic mechanisms

B. Reduced protein synthesis

When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an: a). Decrease in number b). Increase in excitability c). Decrease in length d). Increase in size

D. Increase in size

A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: a). Sodium b). Magnesium c). Calcium d). Potassium

A. Sodium

How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) By coupled channels By passive electrolyte channels By diffusion

A. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)

The base components of DNA are: X, XX, XY, and YY. P, G, C, and T. A, G, C, and T. A, G, C, and U.

C. A, G, C, and T

Research has provided support for the theory that epigenetic modifications can result from deficient in utero nutrition causing which chronic disease? (Select all that apply) Asthma Crohn's disease Diabetes (Type II) Obesity Cardiovascular disease

C. Diabetes (Type II) D. Obesity E. Cardiovascular Disease

When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6–14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of rigor mortis. livor mortis. algor mortis. gangrene.

A. Rigor mortis

A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: sodium. calcium. potassium. magnesium.

B. Calcium

A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected? Symptoms subside quickly Intracellular dehydration Increased ICF volume Decreased ECF volume

B. Intracellular dehydration

For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: kidney excretion of HCO3. prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2. protein buffering. kidney excretion of H+.

D. Kidney excretion of H+

A PA recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (Select all that apply.) Nerve Mucosal Muscle D. Skeletal E. Connective F. Epithelial

A. Nerve C. Muscle E. Connective F. Epithelial

What is the most common cause of Down Syndrome Maternal translocations Paternal translocations Maternal nondisjunction Paternal nondisjunction

C. Maternal nondisjuction

When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers? Lifestyle Choices Environmental stressors Emotional coping skills Family genetics

B. Environmental Stressors

When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: Compensatory anaplasia Hormonal anaplasia Compensatory hyperplasia Hormonal hyperplasia

D. Hormonal hyperplasia

Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long-term potassium defects? Lungs Kidneys Gastrointestinal tract Central nervous system

B. Kidneys

A eukaryotic cell undergoes DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? Mitochondria Nucleus cytoplasm Ribosome Nucleolus

D. Nucleolus

In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for an Solute Receptor Ribosome Substrate

D. Substrate

What characteristic of Prader-Willi syndrome is not a characteristic of Angelman syndrome? Imprinting of an abnormal chromosome 15 Mental retardation is observable Seizure disorder is present It is inherited from the father

D. It is inherited from the father

What is the role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited colon cancer? Abnormalities of chromosome 11p15.5 that lead to downregulation of IGF2 Expansion in the number of cytosine-guanine (CG) dinucleotide Deletion of s nucleotide repeat in the DUX4 DNA damage is left unrepaired

D. DNA damage is left unrepaired

When a nurse is checking urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of Excessive protein Blood Slight glucose urea

A. Excessive protein

A patient had been reading on the internet that light to moderate intake of alcohol is cardioprotective. When the patient asks the nurse what this means, the nurse should respond that the heart is protected by which of the following mechanisms ( select all that apply) Prevention of clot formation Reduction in platelet aggregation Decrease in blood pressure Increased collateral circulation Decreased plate absorption increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A. Prevention of clot formation B. Reduction in platelet aggregation C. Decrease in blood pressure F. Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

A 42 yr old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? Hypoglycemia Laxative abuse Constipation Respiratory acidosis

B. Laxative abuse

Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis Vomiting Hyperventilation An increase of noncarbonic acids pneumonia

D. Pneumonia

A patient, age 9, is admitted to a pediatric unit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. When planning care, the nurse recalls the patient inherited this condition through a trait that is:

X-linked recessive

Research has demonstrated that neural stem cells have an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons when subjected to: ethanol insufficient nutrients poor oxygenation marijuana

A. Ethanol

A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. This condition is an example of: an autosomal recessive trait a sex-linked trait genomic imprinting an autosomal dominant trait

C. Genomic imprinting

A student is reviewing the functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying the chief function of the nerve cell as: maintenance of homeostasis communication sensory interpretation conductivity

D. Conductivity

The phase of the cell cycle during which centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as: anaphase metaphase prophase telophase

A. Anaphase

A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell: vacuoles lipofuscin size number

C. Size

After ingestion of lead, what organ systems should the PA monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead? lungs liver brain heart Kidneys hematopoietic

C. Brain E. Kidneys F. Hematopoietic

Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: decreased plasma osmolality localized edema increased serum potassium levels increased blood volume

D. Increased Blood Volume

A PT is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The Pt recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by The availability of membrane transporter proteins Plasma proteins Hydrostatic pressure The concentration of sodium

B. Plasma proteins

Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? Glycolysis Digestion Digestion Citric acid cycle

D. Citric acid cycle

Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? Base pair substitutions Intron mutations Silent mutations Frameshift mutations

D. Frameshift mutations

A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist explaining? Transcription Translation Translocation Termination

B. Translation

Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: Dehydration Decreased ATP production Ribosome detachment Karyorrhesis

B. Decreased ATP Production

A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: Free radicals Malnutrition Ischemia Chemical toxicity

C. Ischemia

Which patient should the PA assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with: Renal failure Cushing syndrome Pulmonary disorders Diabetes insipidus

A. Renal Failure

A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of: X-inactivation Consanguinity Obligate carriers Genomic imprinting

B. Consanguinity

Mutations in the encoding of the histone modifying proteins have been shown to influence the development of what congenital condition? Webbed digits Acephalous Heart disease Cleft palate

C. Heart Disease

A 13 year old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? Turner syndrome Fragile X syndrome Cri du chat syndrome Down Syndrome

A. Turner syndrome

A 54-year old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help confirm the diagnosis of: Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis Respiratory acidosis

D. Respiratory acidosis

A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo: Pathologic metaplasia Compensatory aplasia Pathologic hyperplasia Compensatory hyperplasia

D. Compensatory Hyperplasia

Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by: Buffer systems Osmotic forces Plasma oncotic pressure Antidiuretic hormone

B. Osmotic forces

Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? - DOUBLE Vomiting Pneumonia An increase in non carbonic acids Hyperventilation

B. Pneumonia

A student is observing a cell under a microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? Free-floating nuclear material A single circular chromosome No organelles A nucleus

D. A nucleus

Housekeeping genes are vital to the function and maintenance of all the body’s cells. What characteristic is associated with these genes? Epigenetic silencing has occurred They are transcriptionally active They lack encoding histones Ribosomal RNA genes are absent

B. They are transcriptionally active

Confirmation of somatic death is based on: Presence of algor mortis Change in skin color to pale yellow Complete cessation of respiration and circulation Presence of livor mortis

C. Complete cessation of respiration and circulation

For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by: Excreting H+ through the kidneys Retaining CO2 in the lungs Hyperventilating Secreting aldosterone

C. Hyperventilating

A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care provider and reports dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation

B. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation

Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact? Desosome Cell junction Gap junction Tight junction

B. Cell junction

The ion transport that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? Antiport Symport Biport Uniport

B. Symport

A 2 year old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause? Karyorrhexis Ammonia accumulation Caseous necrosis Coagulative necrosis

D. Coagulative necrosis

Which of the following conditions would cause the physician to monitor for hyperkalemia? Metabolic alkalosis Insulin usage Acute acidosis

C. Acute acidosis

While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have: a higher total body water volume. an increased tendency toward developing edema. increased thirst. decreased muscle mass

D. Decreased muscle mass

Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: Vomiting Diuretic use Dehydration Hypoaldosteronism

C. Dehydration

A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is -70mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?

K+ rushing into the cell

A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a ____ cell

Polyploid

A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process? Necrosis Adaptation Apoptosis Calcification

A. Necrosis

Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: Liver failure Low blood pressure A high protein diet Low blood glucose

A. Liver failure

A 19 year old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition:

Acidosis

During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? Pinocytosis Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis

D. Phagocytosis

What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span. It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.

C. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury

A PT is reviewing lab reports. The PT recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? Intravascular Fluid Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Interstitial Fluid

A. Intravascular fluid

A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is most likely the cause? Coagulative necrosis Caseous necrosis Autonecrosis Liquefactive necrosis

B. Caseous necrosis

A 60-yr-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe? Constipation Weak pulse Oliguria Excessive thirst

C. Oliguria

A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatitis C. Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to: Infection-induced apoptosis Fat necrosis Physiological apoptosis Pykonsis

A. Infection-induced apoptosis

An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure Increased capillary oncotic pressure Increased interstitial oncotic pressure

D. Increase interstitial oncotic pressure

A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? CGATACGT TAGCCTAG TUGCCTUG UAGCCUAG

B. TAGCCTAG

A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms? Mercury poisoning Lead exposure Carbon monoxide poisoning Ethanol exposure

C. Carbon monoxide poisoning

Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits the secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types? Pancrine Neurohormonal Autocrine Hormonal

A. Pancrine

The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell is called: Partial trisomy Reciprocal translocation Inversion Down Syndrome

A. Partial trisomy

A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurs as a result of: Vacuolation Decreased intracellular calcium Lipid acceptor proteins Oxidation stress

D. Oxidation stress

A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight. When the aide asks the nurse why this occurred, the PA’s best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of: Hemosiderin Transferrin Bilirubin albumin

A. Hemosiderin

What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate via meiosis? Conjoined twins Polyploidy Nondisjunction Neurofibromatosis

C. Nondisjunction

A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement pathways would be activated in this case? Lectin Classical Kinin Alternative

D. Alternative

Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked dominant X-linked recessive

B. Autosomal recessive

While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: Regenerate Die Age Atrophy

B. Die