E1 Q1 Bank Flashcards
A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring:
A. Osmotic Pressure
B. Osmolality
C. Osmolarity
D. Oncotic pressure
B. Osmolality
Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called?
A.M
B.G1
C. G2
D. S
D. S
What genetic disorder is the result of an individual possessing an XXY chromosome configuration?
Turner
Fragile X
Klinefelter
Down Syndrome
Klinefelter
A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition?
Tetraploidy
Aneuploidy
Biploidy
Triploidy
A. Tetraploidy
Screening tools that are epigenetically based have shown promise in diagnosing what types of cancer? (Select all that apply)
Breast
Prostate
Bladder
Colon
Skin
A. Breast
B. Prostate
C. Bladder
D. Colon
Which embryonic stem cell characteristic is referred to as totipotent?
Ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell
A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?
Gas gangrene
Fat necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Wet gangrene
A. Gas Gangrene
An 86-year-old female patient has the wasting syndrome of aging, making her vulnerable to falls, functional decline, disease, and death. The nurse knows this patient is experiencing:
Frailty
Cellular aging
Somatic death
sarcopenia
A. Frailty
A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all the apply)
Muscle twitching
Confusion
Weakness
Nausea
Weight loss
A. Muscle twitching
B. Confusion
C. Weakness
D. Nausea
When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers that the principle of water balance is closely related to the balance of:
Sodium
A medical student is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the medical student describing?
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmosis
Active transport
Diffusion
A. Hydrostatic Pressure
Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving the layer itself?
Integral Membrane Proteins
A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the physician’s best response?
Pregnancy in women over age 35
Family history of Down syndrome
Fetal exposure to mutagens in the uterus
Increased paternal age
A. Pregnancy in women over age 35
An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide?
Expressivity
Recessiveness
Dominance
Penetrance
A. Expressivity
What comorbid condition does an individual diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome have an increased risk of developing?
Cancer
Food allergies
Diabetes
Depression
A. Cancer
A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Biopsy of the tumor reveals Russell bodies, and the laboratory testing reveals kidney dysfunction. Which substance should the nurse monitor as it is accumulating in the patient’s body?
Protein
Glycogen
Melanin
Pigment
A. Protein
A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?
Subdural hematoma
Abrasion
Epidural hematoma
contusion
A. Subdural Hematoma
An OT recalls that regulation of acid-balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the?
Lungs
A 25-year old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results>
A. Decreased blood K+ levels
A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching?
Diffusion
Osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure
Active transport
A. Diffusion
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following?
XY
XX
XYY
XXY
D. XXY
An OT recalls the basic components of DNA are:
Adenine, guanine, and purine
Pentose sugars and four phosphate bases
A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
codons , oxygen, and cytosine
C. A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities?
Puberty
Infancy
In utero
Middle age
C. In utero
A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. Which of the following most likely caused her injuries?
Chemical asphyxiation
Ligature strangulation
Manual strangulation
Choking asphyxiation
C. Manual strangulation
A 30-year-old female presents with a gunshot wound to the head. The wound has seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments. This wound would be documented as a(n):
Indeterminate range entrance
Exit
Contact range entrance
Intermediate range entrance
C. Contact range entrance
A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
Increased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure
Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
A 10-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as:
Pitting edema
Generalized edema
Localized edema
Lymphedema
C. Localized edema
A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer?
a). Increased collagen
b). Increased glycoproteins
c). Decreased elastin
d). Decreased fibronectin
D. Decreased fibronectin
Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors?
a). Amphipathic lipids
b). Oxygen
c). Ligands
d). Ribosomes
C. Ligands
What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis?
a). Neurofibromatosis
b). Conjoined twins
c). Polyploidy
d). Nondisjunction
D. Nondisjunction
A patient demonstrates severe cognitive disability caused by a deletion of part of chromosome What genetic disorder will the nurse see documented in the chart?
a). Trisomy X
b). Prader-Willi Syndrome
c). Down Syndrome
d). Cri du chat syndrome
D. Cri du chat syndrome
5-Azacytidine has demonstrated promise in the treatment of which form of cancer?
a). Pancreatic
b). Gallbladder
c). Liver
d). Colon
A. Pancreatic
The early dilation (swelling) of the cell’s endoplasmic reticulum results in:
a). Failure of DNA
b). Reduced protein synthesis
c). Increased Na+ K+ pump function
d). Increased aerobic mechanisms
B. Reduced protein synthesis
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an:
a). Decrease in number
b). Increase in excitability
c). Decrease in length
d). Increase in size
D. Increase in size
A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of:
a). Sodium
b). Magnesium
c). Calcium
d). Potassium
A. Sodium
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
By coupled channels
By passive electrolyte channels
By diffusion
A. By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
The base components of DNA are:
X, XX, XY, and YY.
P, G, C, and T.
A, G, C, and T.
A, G, C, and U.
C. A, G, C, and T
Research has provided support for the theory that epigenetic modifications can result from deficient in utero nutrition causing which chronic disease? (Select all that apply)
Asthma
Crohn’s disease
Diabetes (Type II)
Obesity
Cardiovascular disease
C. Diabetes (Type II)
D. Obesity
E. Cardiovascular Disease
When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6–14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of
rigor mortis.
livor mortis.
algor mortis.
gangrene.
A. Rigor mortis
A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular:
sodium.
calcium.
potassium.
magnesium.
B. Calcium
A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected?
Symptoms subside quickly
Intracellular dehydration
Increased ICF volume
Decreased ECF volume
B. Intracellular dehydration
For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include:
kidney excretion of HCO3.
prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2.
protein buffering.
kidney excretion of H+.
D. Kidney excretion of H+
A PA recalls that the basic types of tissues are: (Select all that apply.)
Nerve
Mucosal
Muscle
D. Skeletal
E. Connective
F. Epithelial
A. Nerve
C. Muscle
E. Connective
F. Epithelial
What is the most common cause of Down Syndrome
Maternal translocations
Paternal translocations
Maternal nondisjunction
Paternal nondisjunction
C. Maternal nondisjuction
When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers?
Lifestyle Choices
Environmental stressors
Emotional coping skills
Family genetics
B. Environmental Stressors
When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of:
Compensatory anaplasia
Hormonal anaplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia
Hormonal hyperplasia
D. Hormonal hyperplasia
Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long-term potassium defects?
Lungs
Kidneys
Gastrointestinal tract
Central nervous system
B. Kidneys
A eukaryotic cell undergoes DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained?
Mitochondria
Nucleus cytoplasm
Ribosome
Nucleolus
D. Nucleolus
In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for an
Solute
Receptor
Ribosome
Substrate
D. Substrate
What characteristic of Prader-Willi syndrome is not a characteristic of Angelman syndrome?
Imprinting of an abnormal chromosome 15
Mental retardation is observable
Seizure disorder is present
It is inherited from the father
D. It is inherited from the father
What is the role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited colon cancer?
Abnormalities of chromosome 11p15.5 that lead to downregulation of IGF2
Expansion in the number of cytosine-guanine (CG) dinucleotide
Deletion of s nucleotide repeat in the DUX4
DNA damage is left unrepaired
D. DNA damage is left unrepaired
When a nurse is checking urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of
Excessive protein
Blood
Slight glucose
urea
A. Excessive protein
A patient had been reading on the internet that light to moderate intake of alcohol is cardioprotective. When the patient asks the nurse what this means, the nurse should respond that the heart is protected by which of the following mechanisms ( select all that apply)
Prevention of clot formation
Reduction in platelet aggregation
Decrease in blood pressure
Increased collateral circulation
Decreased plate absorption
increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
A. Prevention of clot formation
B. Reduction in platelet aggregation
C. Decrease in blood pressure
F. Increased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
A 42 yr old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?
Hypoglycemia
Laxative abuse
Constipation
Respiratory acidosis
B. Laxative abuse
Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis
Vomiting
Hyperventilation
An increase of noncarbonic acids
pneumonia
D. Pneumonia
A patient, age 9, is admitted to a pediatric unit with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. When planning care, the nurse recalls the patient inherited this condition through a trait that is:
X-linked recessive
Research has demonstrated that neural stem cells have an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons when subjected to:
ethanol
insufficient nutrients
poor oxygenation
marijuana
A. Ethanol
A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. This condition is an example of:
an autosomal recessive trait
a sex-linked trait
genomic imprinting
an autosomal dominant trait
C. Genomic imprinting
A student is reviewing the functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying the chief function of the nerve cell as:
maintenance of homeostasis
communication
sensory interpretation
conductivity
D. Conductivity
The phase of the cell cycle during which centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as:
anaphase
metaphase
prophase
telophase
A. Anaphase
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:
vacuoles
lipofuscin
size
number
C. Size
After ingestion of lead, what organ systems should the PA monitor because they are the most sensitive to the effects of lead?
lungs
liver
brain
heart
Kidneys
hematopoietic
C. Brain
E. Kidneys
F. Hematopoietic
Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in:
decreased plasma osmolality
localized edema
increased serum potassium levels
increased blood volume
D. Increased Blood Volume
A PT is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The Pt recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by
The availability of membrane transporter proteins
Plasma proteins
Hydrostatic pressure
The concentration of sodium
B. Plasma proteins
Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP?
Glycolysis
Digestion
Digestion
Citric acid cycle
D. Citric acid cycle
Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis?
Base pair substitutions
Intron mutations
Silent mutations
Frameshift mutations
D. Frameshift mutations
A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist explaining?
Transcription
Translation
Translocation
Termination
B. Translation
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
Dehydration
Decreased ATP production
Ribosome detachment
Karyorrhesis
B. Decreased ATP Production
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:
Free radicals
Malnutrition
Ischemia
Chemical toxicity
C. Ischemia
Which patient should the PA assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with:
Renal failure
Cushing syndrome
Pulmonary disorders
Diabetes insipidus
A. Renal Failure
A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child’s parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of:
X-inactivation
Consanguinity
Obligate carriers
Genomic imprinting
B. Consanguinity
Mutations in the encoding of the histone modifying proteins have been shown to influence the development of what congenital condition?
Webbed digits
Acephalous
Heart disease
Cleft palate
C. Heart Disease
A 13 year old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart?
Turner syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Down Syndrome
A. Turner syndrome
A 54-year old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help confirm the diagnosis of:
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
D. Respiratory acidosis
A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo:
Pathologic metaplasia
Compensatory aplasia
Pathologic hyperplasia
Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Compensatory Hyperplasia
Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by:
Buffer systems
Osmotic forces
Plasma oncotic pressure
Antidiuretic hormone
B. Osmotic forces
Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? - DOUBLE
Vomiting
Pneumonia
An increase in non carbonic acids
Hyperventilation
B. Pneumonia
A student is observing a cell under a microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
Free-floating nuclear material
A single circular chromosome
No organelles
A nucleus
D. A nucleus
Housekeeping genes are vital to the function and maintenance of all the body’s cells. What characteristic is associated with these genes?
Epigenetic silencing has occurred
They are transcriptionally active
They lack encoding histones
Ribosomal RNA genes are absent
B. They are transcriptionally active
Confirmation of somatic death is based on:
Presence of algor mortis
Change in skin color to pale yellow
Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
Presence of livor mortis
C. Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by:
Excreting H+ through the kidneys
Retaining CO2 in the lungs
Hyperventilating
Secreting aldosterone
C. Hyperventilating
A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care provider and reports dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
B. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact?
Desosome
Cell junction
Gap junction
Tight junction
B. Cell junction
The ion transport that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?
Antiport
Symport
Biport
Uniport
B. Symport
A 2 year old swallowed watch batteries. Following ingestion, kidney function was impaired, and the heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause?
Karyorrhexis
Ammonia accumulation
Caseous necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
D. Coagulative necrosis
Which of the following conditions would cause the physician to monitor for hyperkalemia?
Metabolic alkalosis
Insulin usage
Acute acidosis
C. Acute acidosis
While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:
a higher total body water volume.
an increased tendency toward developing edema.
increased thirst.
decreased muscle mass
D. Decreased muscle mass
Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with:
Vomiting
Diuretic use
Dehydration
Hypoaldosteronism
C. Dehydration
A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is -70mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential?
K+ rushing into the cell
A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a ____ cell
Polyploid
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process?
Necrosis
Adaptation
Apoptosis
Calcification
A. Necrosis
Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with:
Liver failure
Low blood pressure
A high protein diet
Low blood glucose
A. Liver failure
A 19 year old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition:
Acidosis
During which process are bacteria engulfed for ingestion?
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
D. Phagocytosis
What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases?
Aging is defined as exceeding life expectancy, but not maximal life span.
It is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.
It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury.
Disease, unlike aging, has a genetic component.
C. It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury
A PT is reviewing lab reports. The PT recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments?
Intravascular Fluid
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Interstitial Fluid
A. Intravascular fluid
A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is most likely the cause?
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Autonecrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
A 60-yr-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe?
Constipation
Weak pulse
Oliguria
Excessive thirst
C. Oliguria
A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatitis C. Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to:
Infection-induced apoptosis
Fat necrosis
Physiological apoptosis
Pykonsis
A. Infection-induced apoptosis
An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space.
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Increased capillary oncotic pressure
Increased interstitial oncotic pressure
D. Increase interstitial oncotic pressure
A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand?
CGATACGT
TAGCCTAG
TUGCCTUG
UAGCCUAG
B. TAGCCTAG
A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms?
Mercury poisoning
Lead exposure
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Ethanol exposure
C. Carbon monoxide poisoning
Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits the secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types?
Pancrine
Neurohormonal
Autocrine
Hormonal
A. Pancrine
The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell is called:
Partial trisomy
Reciprocal translocation
Inversion
Down Syndrome
A. Partial trisomy
A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once blood flow is returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurs as a result of:
Vacuolation
Decreased intracellular calcium
Lipid acceptor proteins
Oxidation stress
D. Oxidation stress
A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight. When the aide asks the nurse why this occurred, the PA’s best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of:
Hemosiderin
Transferrin
Bilirubin
albumin
A. Hemosiderin
What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate via meiosis?
Conjoined twins
Polyploidy
Nondisjunction
Neurofibromatosis
C. Nondisjunction
A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria revealed lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement pathways would be activated in this case?
Lectin
Classical
Kinin
Alternative
D. Alternative
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality?
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
X-linked recessive
B. Autosomal recessive
While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:
Regenerate
Die
Age
Atrophy
B. Die
