E1: Powerpoints Flashcards
N_M
post-junctional; skeletal neuromuscular junction
N_N (N_2)
Autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla
M1
sympathetic post-ganglionic; some pre-synaptic, lungs
M2
myocardium, smooth muscle, some pre-synaptic sites, lungs
M3
lungs, urinary bladder
M4, M5
No pharmacologic agents
Predominant tone of the SNS (2 locations/actions)
Arteries: vasoconstriction
Kidney: renin secretion
Predominant tone of PNS (2)
Detrusor muscle (bladder)
Resting state
Spinal efferents of SNS
Thoracic and lumbar
Paravertebral ganglion
Spinal efferents of PNS
Cranial, cervical, sacral (ganglion in organs)
Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X, 75% of all PNS activity)
What agents are not use clinically but block the uptake of choline
Hemicholinium and vesamicol
What disrupts SNAPS to prevent the release of Ach into the synaptic cleft
botulinum toxin derivatives
alpha-1 locations
Alpha-1A locations
arteries smooth muscle
Alpha-1A: prostate, urethra
beta-1
heart muscle
beta-2
lung, heart
beta-3
fat cells, urinary bladder (detrusor)
what is the rate limiting enzyme of the adrenergic nerve terminal and what does it do
tyrosine hydroxylase, converts Tyr to DOPA
How does NE get degraded in the synaptic cleft
by COMT
what influences neurotransmitter release (2)
autoreceptors and heteroreceptors
where are autoreceptors found and what do they do
alpha2, decrease NE release
what are heteroreceptors? what NT do they affect
receptors with the ability to influence neurotransmitter release but have less profound effects than autoreceptors
they act on muscarinic receptors to inhibit NE release and on AT1 to stimulate NE release
Metryrosine-Demser
TH inhibitor (decrease NE synthesis)
Reserpine
VMAT inhibitor (inhibits NE storage)
Bretylium
SNAP inhibitor (inhibit NE release)
Phenylzine-Nardil
MAO inhibitor (increase NE in nerve terminal)
Cocaine
inhibits NET; increase NE in synaptic cleft by inhibiting its reuptake
what type of receptors are at the neuromuscular junction
The ach receptors are only nicotinic (N_M)
phenylephrine is a __________ agonist
alpha-1 agonist
clonidine-Catapres is a ________ agonist
alpha-2 agonist
methyldopa-Aldomet is a ______ agonist
alpha-2 agonist
what agent is a non-selective alpha agonist
oxymetazoline
what agent is a beta-1 agonist
dobutamine-Dobutrex
albuterol-Ventolin is a ______ agonist
beta-2 agonist
mirabegron-Myrbetriq is a _______ agonist
beta-3
what agent is a non-selective beta-1, beta-2 agonist
isoproterenol
what agent is a non-selective adrenergic agonist
epinephrine
what agent is a indirect acting adrenergic agonist that causes the release of NE
pseudoephedrine
what agent is a mixed acting adrenergic agonist so it targets alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2 agonist and causes the release of NE from the nerve terminal
ephedrine
dopamine is a ______ agonist
dopamine (beta-1 and DA-1)
fenoldopam-Corlopam is a _____ agonist
dopamine agonist (beta-1, DA-1)
what agent is used for hypotension/shock (IV)
phenylephrine
what agent’s MOA is to selectively bind to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors post-synaptically in effector cells
phenylephrine
what agent’s pharmacologic effect is causing vascular smooth muscle receptor stimulation to cause vasoconstriction in blood vessels, arteries throughout the body and vagal afferent induced decrease in HR
phenylephrine (indication is hyPOtension/shock, MOA to bind to alpha-1 adrenergic receptors (located in blood vessels))
what 3 systems does phenylephrine have potential ADR
CV, CNS, endocrine
what are the CV ADR(s) of phenylephrine
Increased BP
what are the CNS ADR(s) of phenylephrine
nervousness, excitability, insomnia
what are the endocrine ADR(s) of phenylephrine
hyperglycemia
alpha1 receptors in liver increase glucose production and secretion
possible decreased insulin secretion that increases blood glucose
what are the warnings/precautions of phenylephrine
patients w/hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus
what agent is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist with a TTS patch available
clonidine (Catapres)
what alpha-2 adrenergic agent is indicated for HTN and ADHD (ER-Kapvay)
clonidine (Catapres)
what alpha-2 adrenergic agent is indicated for HTN in pregnancy
methyldopa (Aldomet)
what is the MOA for clonidine (Catapres)
alpha2a receptor stimulation presynaptically (autoreceptor)/ post-synaptically (CNS) decreasing sympathetic tone
overall decrease in sympathetic impulses in CNS
what 3 things does the presence of phenols/catechols on a benzene ring do
1: decrease lipophilicity
2: decrease CNS penetration
3: more likely to be metabolized by COMT
Which confers to beta-2 receptor selectivity? 3,4 or 3,5 dihydroxy
3,5
If you substitute/replace the OH on the ring _______ _______ receptor selectivity
increase Beta-2
Substitution on ____ carbon blocks oxidation by MAO and prolongs duration of action
alpha
what type of compounds are more likely to cause release of NE from storage since they stay in the nerve terminals longer
alpha-methyl compounds
what group does Clonidine have on its structure that increases its CNS penetration
halogens which increase lipophilicity
Catapres is 300x more active on _____ than ____
more active on alpha 2 than alpha 1
substitution on ____ carbon increases activity at both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
beta
hydroxyl groups decrease actions within the CNS therefore decreasing lipid solubility when there are substitutions on ___ _______
beta carbon
If there is a methyl substitution on the amine the compound reacts with which receptors
Give an example
alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2
Epinephrine, the small methyl groups allows it to retain the alpha1 receptor affinity
If there is an isopropyl, t-butyl, or other bulky group substitution on the amine, the compound will react with
beta1 and beta2 if isopropyl group
only beta2 if t-Bu or larger (double activity)
Loss of ____ binding increases with nitrogen substitution
alpha
what is the order of increasing potency in which catecholamines stimulate beta-adrenoreceptors
norepinephrine < epinephrine < isoproterenol
MAO metabolism occurs at _____
amines
_____ are more susceptible to MAO metabolism, why
primary amines; large substitution decreases MAO metabolism
where does COMT metabolism occur on a structure
OH on a benzene ring
which metabolism takes place orally resulting in rapid inactivation in intestine and liver
COMT metabolism
what are the 4 criteria for high agonist activity
1) primary or secondary amine
2) amine separated by 2 carbons from benzene ring (ethyl)
3) hydroxyl group on B carbon
4) 3,4 di-OH for alpha and beta receptor activity