E1 Fundamental chemical concepts in dyspepsia

Question 1

What is dyspepsia?

Answer 1

upper abdominal discomfort or pain

Question 2

What are the main chemical bases of treatment (there are two)

Answer 2

1) reduced acidity in the stomach (physiochemical (local) & pharmacological (systemic) modes of action)
2) prevention of acid reflux (physiochemical (local) mode of action)

Question 3

What are physiochemical modes of action?

Answer 3

1) Antacids
2) Raft-forming agents
3) Anti-foaming agents

Question 4

What are pharmacological modes of action?

Answer 4

1) H2 - receptor antagonists

2) proton pump inhibitors

Question 5

What is an antacid?

Answer 5

consumption of acid by a base

Question 6

Finish the equation

Mg(OH)2+ 2HCl -……

Answer 6

MgCl2 + 2H20

Question 7

name some common type of antacids that consume stomach acid (HCl) (7)

Answer 7

1) Sodium bicarbonate
2) Potassium bicarbonate
3) Calcium carbonate
4) Sodium carbonate
5) Magnesium carbonate
6) Magnesium hydroxide
7) Aluminium hydroxide

Question 8

What are the Arrhenius definitions of an acid and base?

Answer 8

Acid - a substance that increases the concentration of H+ when dissolved in water
Base - a substance that increases the concentration of HO- when dissolved in water

Question 9

What are the Bronsted- Lowry definitions of an acid and base?

Answer 9

Acid - a proton (H+) donor

Base - a proton (H+) acceptor

Question 10

What is an acid-base reaction?

Answer 10

transfer of a proton from an acid to a base

Question 11

In movement of electrons where should the curly arrow start from? give examples

Answer 11

from electron rich species

1) negative charge
2) lone pair
3) bond

Question 12

Where should the arrow head go to? give example

Answer 12

towards electron deficient species, or species to accept electrons

1) postive charge
2) partial postive charge
3) atom happy to accept electrons