e x a m III

Question 1

which RNAs are functional?

Answer 1

tRNA & rRNA

Question 2

how many amino acids make up a codon?

Answer 2

three

Question 3

what is the sequence of the start codon?

Answer 3

AUG

Question 4

what are the three stop codons?

Answer 4

UGA UAG UAA

Question 5

what does is mean that the genetic code is degenerate?

Answer 5

some amino acids are encoded by more than one codon

Question 6

how many combinations are there of amino acids?

Answer 6

64

Question 7

what is the function of tRNAs

Answer 7

translate the genetic code into amino acid sequence

Question 8

which RNAs make up the majority of RNAs?

Answer 8

functional RNAs

Question 9

what is the function of tRNA

Answer 9

serves as the adapter to amino acids

carries amino acids to the proper codon

Question 10

tRNA synthetases

Answer 10

add charge to amino acid

Question 11

IF3

Answer 11

binds the large ribosomal subunit to the smaller one

allows mRNA to bind to smaller subunit

Question 12

shine-delgarno

Answer 12

for correct positioning for initiation

Question 13

IF2

Answer 13

binds GTP & Met-tRNA

brings them to the P site

Question 14

what happens when the large ribosomal subunit & small ribosomal subunit are bound?

Answer 14

IF2 & IF3 are released

Question 15

elongation factor EF-Tu

Answer 15

escorts tRNA into the A site

Question 16

EF-Ts

Answer 16

catalyzes release of EF-Tu and GDP from ribosome

Question 17

peptidyl transferase

Answer 17

catalyzes the formation of a peptide zone between amino acids at the A & P sites

Question 18

EF-G

Answer 18

catalyzes the release of uncharged tRNA

moves the amino acid sequence over in the mRNA

Question 19

termination

Answer 19

polypeptide is discharged

ribosome is dissociated

Question 20

how many amino acids are there?

Answer 20

20

Question 21

primary structure of amino acids

Answer 21

specific amino acid sequence

Question 22

secondary structure of amino acids

Answer 22

alpha helicies

beta sheets

Question 23

tertiary structure of an amino acid

Answer 23

spatial arrangement of amino acids

from alpha helix & beta sheets

Question 24

quaternary structure of an amino acid

Answer 24

spatial relationship of a polypeptide

how they associate into a multi-subunit molecule

Question 25

one gene codes for...

Answer 25

one protein

Question 26

anti-codon

Answer 26

complimentary tRNA to strand of mRNA

Question 27

the genetic code is...

Answer 27

evolutionary conserved

Question 28

zinc finger motifs

Answer 28

changes the three amino acids in a hormone receptor i.e. - glucocorticoid --> estrogen receptor

Question 29

how does a Zn-motif protein work?

Answer 29

amino acid sequence is held together by zinc atom alters interaction of dna

Question 30

gene mutations alter protein function how?

Answer 30

the Zn finger domain would not exist | it would unravel and not bind to DNA

Question 31

what is the consequence of protein mutations

Answer 31

reduced protein function | cystic fibrosis

Question 32

x-ray crystallography

Answer 32

protein fragments are crystallized x-rays are scattered through the crystal atoms diffract the crystal mathematical analysis determines the structure of the protein

Question 33

recombinant DNA

Answer 33

engineered DNA from different sources

Question 34

making recombinant DNA

Answer 34

isolate target DNA cut DNA insert name vectors

Question 35

clone

Answer 35

identical copy of dna

Question 36

vector

Answer 36

carrier molecule of gene of interest

Question 37

insert

Answer 37

DNA molecule of interest

Question 38

restriction endonucleases

Answer 38

enzymes that cut DNA | produce sticky or blunt ends

Question 39

sticky ends of the same size are...

Answer 39

complimentary

Question 40

dna library construction

Answer 40

recombinant dna is cut (enzymes or mechanically) introduced into bacteria bacterial colonies are grown to amplify dna

Question 41

what does an antibiotic do in the case of recombinant dna?

Answer 41

the antibiotic will kill bacteria WITHOUT the plasmid

Question 42

cDNA libraries are used for...

Answer 42

the ENTIRE genome

Question 43

how to make cDNA library

Answer 43

1. isolate RNA 2. obtain cDNA from RNA through reverse transcriptase 3. transform DNA into vector

Question 44

difference between cDNA library and PCR

Answer 44

``` cDNA = entire genome PCR = specific gene ```

Question 45

PCR steps:

Answer 45

1. heat DNA to separate strands 2. lower temp for hybridization of primers 3. primers synthesize complimentary DNA 4. repeat until there are TONS of copies of the same gene

Question 46

sanger DNA sequencing

Answer 46

dna sequencing through dedioxynucleotides and RNA polymerase

Question 47

reverse genetics

Answer 47

START with gene of interest use recombinant DNA to mutate gene examine effects of mutated gene on protein

Question 48

forward genetics

Answer 48

select phenotype of interest randomly introduce mutations identify the gene responsible for the mutation

Question 49

site-directed mutagenesis

Answer 49

methylated dna is digested by enzymes | only newly created dna is left

Question 50

deletion mutagenesis

Answer 50

necessary domain is deleted gene is non functional if successful, florescence isn't produced

Question 51

gene knockouts

Answer 51

substitute a non functional allele for a normal allele

Question 52

structural genomics

Answer 52

molecular organization of genome