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g e n e t i c s > e x a m III > Flashcards

e x a m III Flashcards

1
Q

which RNAs are functional?

A

tRNA & rRNA

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2
Q

how many amino acids make up a codon?

A

three

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3
Q

what is the sequence of the start codon?

A

AUG

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4
Q

what are the three stop codons?

A

UGA UAG UAA

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5
Q

what does is mean that the genetic code is degenerate?

A

some amino acids are encoded by more than one codon

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6
Q

how many combinations are there of amino acids?

A

64

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7
Q

what is the function of tRNAs

A

translate the genetic code into amino acid sequence

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8
Q

which RNAs make up the majority of RNAs?

A

functional RNAs

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9
Q

what is the function of tRNA

A

serves as the adapter to amino acids

carries amino acids to the proper codon

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10
Q

tRNA synthetases

A

add charge to amino acid

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11
Q

IF3

A

binds the large ribosomal subunit to the smaller one

allows mRNA to bind to smaller subunit

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12
Q

shine-delgarno

A

for correct positioning for initiation

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13
Q

IF2

A

binds GTP & Met-tRNA

brings them to the P site

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14
Q

what happens when the large ribosomal subunit & small ribosomal subunit are bound?

A

IF2 & IF3 are released

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15
Q

elongation factor EF-Tu

A

escorts tRNA into the A site

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16
Q

EF-Ts

A

catalyzes release of EF-Tu and GDP from ribosome

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17
Q

peptidyl transferase

A

catalyzes the formation of a peptide zone between amino acids at the A & P sites

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18
Q

EF-G

A

catalyzes the release of uncharged tRNA

moves the amino acid sequence over in the mRNA

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19
Q

termination

A

polypeptide is discharged

ribosome is dissociated

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20
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

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21
Q

primary structure of amino acids

A

specific amino acid sequence

22
Q

secondary structure of amino acids

A

alpha helicies

beta sheets

23
Q

tertiary structure of an amino acid

A

spatial arrangement of amino acids

from alpha helix & beta sheets

24
Q

quaternary structure of an amino acid

A

spatial relationship of a polypeptide

how they associate into a multi-subunit molecule

25
Q

one gene codes for…

A

one protein

26
Q

anti-codon

A

complimentary tRNA to strand of mRNA

27
Q

the genetic code is…

A

evolutionary conserved

28
Q

zinc finger motifs

A

changes the three amino acids in a hormone receptor

i.e. - glucocorticoid –> estrogen receptor

29
Q

how does a Zn-motif protein work?

A

amino acid sequence is held together by zinc atom

alters interaction of dna

30
Q

gene mutations alter protein function how?

A

the Zn finger domain would not exist

it would unravel and not bind to DNA

31
Q

what is the consequence of protein mutations

A

reduced protein function

cystic fibrosis

32
Q

x-ray crystallography

A

protein fragments are crystallized
x-rays are scattered through the crystal
atoms diffract the crystal
mathematical analysis determines the structure of the protein

33
Q

recombinant DNA

A

engineered DNA from different sources

34
Q

making recombinant DNA

A

isolate target DNA
cut DNA
insert name vectors

35
Q

clone

A

identical copy of dna

36
Q

vector

A

carrier molecule of gene of interest

37
Q

insert

A

DNA molecule of interest

38
Q

restriction endonucleases

A

enzymes that cut DNA

produce sticky or blunt ends

39
Q

sticky ends of the same size are…

A

complimentary

40
Q

dna library construction

A

recombinant dna is cut (enzymes or mechanically)

introduced into bacteria

bacterial colonies are grown to amplify dna

41
Q

what does an antibiotic do in the case of recombinant dna?

A

the antibiotic will kill bacteria WITHOUT the plasmid

42
Q

cDNA libraries are used for…

A

the ENTIRE genome

43
Q

how to make cDNA library

A
  1. isolate RNA
  2. obtain cDNA from RNA through reverse transcriptase
  3. transform DNA into vector
44
Q

difference between cDNA library and PCR

A 
cDNA = entire genome
PCR = specific gene
45
Q

PCR steps:

A
  1. heat DNA to separate strands
  2. lower temp for hybridization of primers
  3. primers synthesize complimentary DNA
  4. repeat until there are TONS of copies of the same gene
46
Q

sanger DNA sequencing

A

dna sequencing through dedioxynucleotides and RNA polymerase

47
Q

reverse genetics

A

START with gene of interest
use recombinant DNA to mutate gene
examine effects of mutated gene on protein

48
Q

forward genetics

A

select phenotype of interest
randomly introduce mutations
identify the gene responsible for the mutation

49
Q

site-directed mutagenesis

A

methylated dna is digested by enzymes

only newly created dna is left

50
Q

deletion mutagenesis

A

necessary domain is deleted
gene is non functional
if successful, florescence isn’t produced

51
Q

gene knockouts

A

substitute a non functional allele for a normal allele

52
Q

structural genomics

A

molecular organization of genome

g e n e t i c s (3 decks)

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