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g e n e t i c s > e x a m II > Flashcards

e x a m II Flashcards

1
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous allele is intermediate

Hh = pink. intermediate between red & white

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2
Q

codominance

A

expression of both alleles as heterozygote

both A & B are dominant in blood type

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3
Q

recessive lethal alleles

A

AyAy = lethal
AyA = yellow
AA = black
WOULD be 3:1 ratio, but is only 2:1 due to lethality.

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4
Q

pleiotropic traits

A

one gene affects many traits

-hormone binding receptors

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5
Q

polygenic traits

A

many genes affect a trait

  • height in humans
    9: 3:3:1 ratio
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6
Q

complementation

A

two organisms have 2 dif mutations
occurs when they are on DIFFERENT genes
9:7 ratio

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7
Q

penetrance

A

% of individuals who exhibit the phenotype of that allele

how many people get breast cancer with a BRCA-1 gene mutation

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8
Q

expressivity

A

the degree to which phenotype is expressed (intensivity)

different shades of blue

percent of volume ejected from the heart w/ CHF

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9
Q

how can someone with an allele for a trait or disease not develop the disease?

A

there are many factors that contribute to expressivity & penetrance. having the allele doesn’t necessarily guarantee it will be expressed

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10
Q

griffith & avery’s experiments

A

s-strain bac transforms r-strain back into a-strain bac.

dna is transforming agent.

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11
Q

hershey-chase experiment

A

used sulfur first; no radioactive in bac (protein)

used phosphorus; radioactivity found in bac (DNA) concluding it’s the agent necessary dot production of new phages

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12
Q

components of dna

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphates, nitrogenous bases

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13
Q

purines

A

A & G

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14
Q

pyrimidines

A

T & C

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15
Q

how is a single strand of DNA formed?

A

phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides

aka sugar-phosphate backbone

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16
Q

dna shape

A

double helix with complimentary anti-parallel strands

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17
Q

base pairing

A

A-T

C-G

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18
Q

dna replication is…

A

semi conservative

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19
Q

meselson-stahl experiment

A

used different densities of N (14 & 15)
created an intermediate band between 14 & 15 in test tube after centrifuging

consistent with semiconservative hypothesis

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20
Q

how does dna replication begin?

A

DNA polymerase catalysis synthesis

starts at RNA primer

21
Q

what direction is DNA synthesized in?

A

5’–>3’ direction

leads to leading & lagging strand replication

22
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

elongates RNA primers with new DNA

23
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes RNA @ 5’ end fragment; fills gap

24
Q

primase

A

synthesizes a stretch of RNA complementary to that specific region of the chromosome

25
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins the gap-filling dna to ogazaki fragment

26
Q

telomerase

A

adds short repeats to 3’ ends of DNA (overhang on end of DNA; telomere)

27
Q

helicase

A

disrupt H bonds; unzips double helix

28
Q

topoisomerase

A

removes super-coiled regions of dna allowing them to rotate

29
Q

rna is…

A

the intermediate between DNA & protein

30
Q

RNA polymerase is similar to…

A

DNA polymerase

31
Q

differences between RNA & DNA:

A

RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine
ribose is rna’s sugar; deoxyribose is dna’s sugar
dna is double stranded; rna is single stranded
dna does not have any catalytic activity

32
Q

which direction does rna polymerase synthesize rna?

A

5’–>3’

dna is template

33
Q

rna synthesis

intitiation:

A

rna binds to promoter

34
Q

rna synthesis:

elongation-

A

rna polymerase synthesizes complementary strand of rna

35
Q

rna synthesis:

termination-

A

terminators signal the end of the polymerase is done.

releases rna from rna polymerase

36
Q

TATA box

A

site of first event in transcription- TATA-binding protein binding (lol)

37
Q

TATA-binding protein

A

when bound, it attracts other GTFs to form pre-initiation complex

38
Q

GTFs

A

general transcription factors; bind before RNA polymerase II to ATTRACT it to start transcription

39
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

transcribes all protein-encoding genes

transcribes some snRNAs

40
Q

carboxy tail domain

A

Allows other proteins to bind to RNA

41
Q

is prokaryotic rna functional after transcription?

A

yes, immediately after transcription

42
Q

is eukaryotic rna functional after transcription?

A

no, it requires further processing before it is translated into a protein

43
Q

which end is capped?

A

5’ by methylguanosine

44
Q

what does splicing do?

A

remove introns, glues extrons together

45
Q

where is the polyA tail added?

A

the 3’ end

46
Q

alternative splicing?

A

different proteins are made from the splicing together of different combinations of exons

47
Q

snRNAs

A

small nuclear RNAs
Small protein localized in the nucleus
Bind to areas in the intron to recruit snRNPs

48
Q

SnRNPs

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
Complexes of protein and one of 5 snRNAs
Help align splice sites at either end of an intron
Cleaves off the intron
Exon is ligased together

g e n e t i c s (3 decks)

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