E: Contemporary Urban Geographies Flashcards
1
Q
Burgess (1925)
A
Concentric Zones
Homgenous city
2
Q
Wirth (1938)
A
Urbanism as a way of life
- Density
- Social heterogeneity
- Population density
3
Q
Park, 1925
A
Inequality is natural
Social Darwinisn
4
Q
Harvey, 1973
A
Cities are where capitalism plays out
Physical spaces of accumulation
5
Q
Hall, 1966
A
World cities leading the way, not states
6
Q
Sassen, 1991
A
The Global City
Networks not place
Process not place
7
Q
Friedman, 1986
A
Global and World Cities
World cities are core economic players
8
Q
Sassen, 2015
A
Urban takeover
- Small –> large
- Public –> private
9
Q
Brenner, 2018
A
Planetary urbanism
Everywhere is more urban
Processes
10
Q
Gandy, 2014
A
“The city, or at least urbanism, is now practicaly everywhere
11
Q
Robinson, 2006
A
Ordinary Cities
Complexity
Active agency
12
Q
Jackson, 1985
A
Suburbanism
13
Q
Smith, 1996
A
Transformation of NYC
14
Q
Gilbert, 2007
A
Slums are a perjorative phrase that confuses people with place
15
Q
Davis, 2006
A
Slums
Procarity
Brutality
SAPs
Surplus population
16
Q
Seabrook, 2007
A
Root causes of urban poverty
- lack of basic services
- Inadequate services
- Informal housing
17
Q
Rao, 2006
A
Slums are the future
18
Q
DeSoto, 2006
A
Vicious cycle of poverty without asset accumulation
19
Q
Hollis, 2014
A
Broken Windows Theory
Formalisation problems
20
Q
West, 2018
A
Laws of city metabolism
21
Q
Chaplin, 1996
A
Compares Mumbai to Manchester
- Social integration
- Displacement
- Tech not being used for reform but self interest
22
Q
Marr, 2011
A
Megacities
Slums more like rural areas than urban
23
Q
Vox, 2021
A
South African segregation
Strand vs Nonzamo
24
Q
Lemanski and Marx, 2015
A
Cities cause poverty
- Individualism
25
Sattherwaite, 2001
8 factors that define urban poverty
26
Amis, 1995
Cash reliance causes urban poverty
Commoditisation of life
Exposure to pollution
Irregular and low incomes
Individualisation
27
Lambard, 2015
Informality
- Spatial
- Economic
- Political
28
29
Wratten, 1995
Commercialisation in the urban casuing urban poverty
30
Roy, 2011
Subaltern urbanism
31
Mitlin and Sattherwaite, 2013
- causes of urban poverty
32
Harris, 1990
Cities as economies of agglomeration
33
Brenner and Keil, 2005
Cities as global connection nodes
34
Strand (SA)
93% piped water
51% internet
83% white
35
Nonzamo (SA)
49% piped water
24% internet
92% black
36
Strand vs Nonzamo
- colour of skin determines QOL
- Blacks in townships
- Apartheid until 1944
- Colonised since 1650
- Historical roots - railways to get diamonds, black communities excluded, native land act 1913 pusged blacked into 8% of land
- 148 apartheid laws between 1949-71
- Intergenerational impacts of apartheid
37
Mumbai
- IMR of 6.3%
- 1.2m earn less than $0.5 a day
- 1976 Slum Upgrading Programme by world bank
- Formalising slumbs may be worse for people
- 500 acres
- over the last 30 years people in the Kolius resisdence have switcehd from freshwater fishing to professional occupations
- Common toilets for 30 rupees per month
- Toilets unsafe for women
- Waste management is a problem
- Congestion
38
Detroit
- Rustbelt
- Deindustrialised - GM, Chrisler, Ford
- Population delcine from 1.5m in 1970 to 680,000 in 2015
- Av income is $25k, below av of $35k
- Poverty rate is 38%
- LE is 69
- High school graduation rate is 30%
- 2nd highest murder rate
- Spiral of decline
39
"The urbanisation of capital"
Harvey, 1985
40
"Urban theory without the outside"
Brenner, 2018
41
"The city, or at least the urban, is now practically everywhere"
Gandy, 2014
42
"The urban is not a unit but a process of transformation"
(Brenner, 2016)
43
"In ten short years, what was once an object of luxury and privilidge, the mobile phone, has become a basic neccessity in Africa"
Paul Kagame
44
"No country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without industrialisation"
45
When Dante wrote of Hell where did he have in mind
Florence
46
Henry Ford quote
"We shall solve the city by leaving the city"
47
2007 UN announcement
50% of wolrd population lives in cities
48
2050 urban prediction (UN, 2003)
75% urban
49
What does Hollis claim
We are an urban species
50
Examples of varying urban expansion
Jinjiang in China - will grow 26% by 2050
London, UK - will grow 0.7% by 2050
51
Hollis overall claim
Cities are good for us
52
What will be the fastest growing urban regions
Slums
53
Defining slum charactaristics
- Desperation
- Without resources
- Water insecuity
- Precarity
- Informal economy
54
City size and consumption (Hollis, 2014)
Cities take more than 2% of earth surface but use 80% of energy
55
Las Ramblas (Hollis, 2014)
- Transformd in 1982
- Pedestrianisation
- Model
56
Why have people migrated to Texas (Hollis, 2014)
- 1m migrants in last decade
- House prices
- Lower tax
- Good schools
- Infrastricture
- Daily commute
57
Key contention between Jacobs and Moses (Hollis, 2014)
Jacobs hated the top-down, backdoor approaches to city planning—the very approaches that Moses so readily employed. Jacobs fought for the people and, specifically, for the pedestrians; Moses, it was said, favored automobiles over people. And in many cases, his plans completely displaced people
58
What did EO Wilsin suggest (Hollis, 2014)
City is a super organism
59
What are cities good for (Hollis, 2014)
- weak ties
60
Funky quote (Hollis, 2014)
"The city is increasingly an atomosed space, where we lose the tranditional connections with friends and family, these are not replaced by a meal for one, sat in front of Facebook in a studio flat
61
Wirth urbanism as a Way of Life
- City was a threat to culture
- City undermined social ties and replaced them with "Impersonal, sueprficial, transistory and segmental relationships"
62
What does West suggest
- City is more effient as it grows
- A growth of 100% only uses 75% more energy
-
63
What is the city - relationships (Hollis, 2014)
The city is a place of liberty, where we are free to pursue our individual fortunes, but it is also a place that crams many people together, threatening conflict and inequality
64
Key problem in cities (Hollis, 2014)
Inequality
65
Two types of theoretical cities (Hollis, 2014)
Hobbesian - strong state centeal planning - beiking, Dubai, Singapore
Lockean - trust is essential - NYC
66
Example of urban revival (Hollis, 2014)
Newark under Cory Booker since 2006
- ran on a ticket of public safety, urban renewal and respect
67
Example of how infrastructure is important for city function (Hollis, 2014)
- Bundestag rebuilt in 1992
- glass dome above central debating chamber = visiots can look down
- Transparent from all directions
68
Ebenezer Howard (Hollis, 2014)
Garden city
- all the urban advantages but benefit from the qualities of countryside
- First proposed in 1898
- Planned on a concentric grid with a library, town hall, museum, concert hall and hospital gathered in the centre
- More interested in planning than process
69
Henri Lefebvre [1970] quote
"I’ll begin with the following hypothesis: society has become completely urbanized"
70
What does urban planning often ignore (Hollis, 2014)
The human element
- The streets, parks and public spaces of the city, the places where people meet, were more important than traffic flow
71
Bilbao effect (Hollis, 2014)
- 1980
- transformed under architecture of Frank Gehry with The Guggenheim
- new investment in transport, airport, subway and improved sanitation and air quality to make the new destination more attractive
- paid for itself in 7 years
- $26m in tax rev
72
Adam Smith (Hollis, 2014)
Invisible hand of capitalism
- Competition fuels innovation
- Creativity drives its own virtuous circle
73
Santa Clara County, USA (Hollis, 2014)
60% of scientists born outside US
28% of workforce are Indian
74
Bangalore (Hollis, 2014)
- pop has grown from 1.6m in 1971 to 8.4m in 2014
- tech
- fabric of the city is failing to keep up with demand of new economy
75
What have cities done (Hollis, 2014)
Specialised
- Hollywood for movies
- Milan for fashion
- Wall Street for banking
76
iPhone GPN (Hollis, 2014)
- Devised in Cupertino, CA
- Silicon Chip designed by ARM in Cam
- Chip developed in South Korea
- Phone handset assembled in a FoxConn factory in Chengdu, China
77
Advantages and costs of globalisation (Hollis, 2014)
World is being divided up in terms of local specilisation, connected through a network that links cities ever closer
78
How do cities influence human behaviour (Hollis, 2014)
- Wealthy cities people walk quicker
- Trial of 31 cities. 9/top 10 were wealthy
- When time is money you need to pick up the pace
79
What causes slum formation (Hollis, 2014)
Density
80
Biggest problem of our age
Density
81
Impact of cities on people (Hollis, 2014)
- Encourage creativity
- Weak ties encourages innovation
82
How does city influence behaviour (Hollis, 2014)
Forces people to adapt
- Urban areas more open and civil as the diversity of community does not nuture divisions but accomodation and politeness
83
Detroit (Hollis, 2014)
- How changing levels of density can impact a city
- Highland Park built for Ford in 1912 - 170,000 Model Ts per year
- Expansion in population from 400k in 1910 to 1.7m in 1930
- 1930 depression reuslted in half workforce laid off and 50% of city in poverty
- Peak pop of 1.8m in 1950
- Spools unevenly shared
- Population declined by 25% between 2000-10
- Average income half median
- 25% unemployment in 2009
- 50% of children in poverty
- 91,000 buildings empty
84
What have planners suggested to rescue Detroit (Hollis, 2014)
Make it less dense
- Bulldose
- But not just density as sunbelt cities like Phoenix or Houston are less dense
85
What do slums have (Hollis, 2014)
Strong communities
86
Who had an ecological approach to urban life - the city was a place of difference and the environment is key in determining human behaviour (Hollis, 2014)
- Robert Park
- Ernest Burgess
87
What did the Chicago School see the city as
The problem
88
Broken Windows Theory (Hollis, 2014)
- Valdalism and broken windows symbolise a don't care attitude
- Need to repair broken windows
- Leads to breakdown of community control
- Take care of the small stuff and you take care of the big stuff
89
Putnam 2000 Book
Bowling Alone
- Society more atomised
- Spend less time talking to each other
- Engage in less leisure activities
- Spend more time watching and less time doing
- Know neighbors less well
- See friends less often
90
What does Putnam 2000 calculate
Television alone is responsible for a 25% drop in social interaction
91
What have public spaces become (Putnam, 2000)
Privatised
92
Anna Minton 2017 quote
"Who controls the roads and streets is enormously important to how cities function"
93
Who was the first woman economic to win the Nobel Prize
Elinor Ostrom in 2009
- researched common pool resources
94
What does Locke say is at the heart of the city
Trust
95
Example of gov no longer trusting citizens
- CCTV cameras
- 500,000 in London
- Typical person caught on CCTV 300 times per day
96
Stephen Graham (2016)
- Vertical dimentions
- City itself has become a battleground on the War Against Terror
- CCTV to watch the emey within
- "Contemporary warfare takes places in supermarkets, tower blocks, subway tunnels and industrial districts rather than open fields, jungles or deserts"
- Urban warfare uses techniques from conventional warfare
- Olympics was militarised costing £553m
- CCTv and facial reconition software
- Surface to air missiles on top of council flats near Olympic village
97
Wealth distributions (Hollis, 2014)
- 90% of world wealth held by richest 1%
98
After 2008 financial crash uneven wealth distribution in UK (Hollis, 2014)
Top 1% earned 18x average wage - before it was 5.7x
99
What does the top 1% of US population own (Hollis, 2014)
22% of economy
100
Impact of inequality
- unequal distribution of opportunities
- Harder access to housing, healthcare, education and transport
- Inequality connected to higher crime and murder rates
101
How have slums emerged in China (Hollis, 2014)
Hukou System
- Used to restrict movement from countryside to city
- Has created a class of illegal workers in the city
- 200 million live in the city illegally, and thus cannot expect governmetn services, healthcare or education
102
Cause of 2008 crash (Hollis, 2014)
- Subprime market
- Massive extension of debt
103
What are houses (Hollis, 2014)
No longer a home but a speculative commodity that you happened to live in
104
Example of housing in Ireland
- Between 2000-06 house prices in Ireland doubled
- In 1997 only 4% of loan applications came from unskilled/manual workers; by 2004 it was 12%
105
How is affordable housing defined (Hollis, 2014)
- 80% of market rate
106
What is Dharavi (Hollis, 2014)
A well established community
107
UN Habitat Report 2003
- Urban is 50% by 2007
- In 2001 1/3 of urban population lived in slums and was increasing
108
Disparities in informality (Hollis, 2014)
- In the west 6% of urban population in slums
- In Mumbai nearer 62%
109
What could the number of slum dwellers exceed in 2050 (Hollis, 2014)
2bn
110
What is the slum not
A universal phenomena
111
What is the 5 point definition of a slum given by the UN Habitat Report 2003
- Inadequate access to safe water
- Inadequate access to sanitation
- Inadequate access to infrastructure
- Poor structual quality of housing and overcrowding
- Insecure residential status
112
What is the slum (Hollis, 2014)
Part of the city, not apart from it
113
How should slums be transformed (Hollis, 2014)
Improved from within
114
Key issues in slums (Hollis, 2014)
Gender
115
Impact of tech on urban
- 10% rise in telecommunication penetrtaion results in a 1.5% increase in productivity
116
