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Paper 1: People, Place and the Politics of Difference > E: Contemporary Urban Geographies > Flashcards

E: Contemporary Urban Geographies Flashcards

1
Q

Burgess (1925)

A

Concentric Zones
Homgenous city

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2
Q

Wirth (1938)

A

Urbanism as a way of life
- Density
- Social heterogeneity
- Population density

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3
Q

Park, 1925

A

Inequality is natural
Social Darwinisn

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4
Q

Harvey, 1973

A

Cities are where capitalism plays out
Physical spaces of accumulation

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5
Q

Hall, 1966

A

World cities leading the way, not states

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6
Q

Sassen, 1991

A

The Global City
Networks not place
Process not place

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7
Q

Friedman, 1986

A

Global and World Cities
World cities are core economic players

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8
Q

Sassen, 2015

A

Urban takeover
- Small –> large
- Public –> private

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9
Q

Brenner, 2018

A

Planetary urbanism
Everywhere is more urban
Processes

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10
Q

Gandy, 2014

A

“The city, or at least urbanism, is now practicaly everywhere

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11
Q

Robinson, 2006

A

Ordinary Cities
Complexity
Active agency

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12
Q

Jackson, 1985

A

Suburbanism

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13
Q

Smith, 1996

A

Transformation of NYC

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14
Q

Gilbert, 2007

A

Slums are a perjorative phrase that confuses people with place

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15
Q

Davis, 2006

A

Slums
Procarity
Brutality
SAPs
Surplus population

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16
Q

Seabrook, 2007

A

Root causes of urban poverty
- lack of basic services
- Inadequate services
- Informal housing

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17
Q

Rao, 2006

A

Slums are the future

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18
Q

DeSoto, 2006

A

Vicious cycle of poverty without asset accumulation

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19
Q

Hollis, 2014

A

Broken Windows Theory
Formalisation problems

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20
Q

West, 2018

A

Laws of city metabolism

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21
Q

Chaplin, 1996

A

Compares Mumbai to Manchester
- Social integration
- Displacement
- Tech not being used for reform but self interest

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22
Q

Marr, 2011

A

Megacities
Slums more like rural areas than urban

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23
Q

Vox, 2021

A

South African segregation
Strand vs Nonzamo

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24
Q

Lemanski and Marx, 2015

A

Cities cause poverty
- Individualism

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25
Q

Sattherwaite, 2001

A

8 factors that define urban poverty

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26
Q

Amis, 1995

A

Cash reliance causes urban poverty
Commoditisation of life
Exposure to pollution
Irregular and low incomes
Individualisation

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27
Q

Lambard, 2015

A

Informality
- Spatial
- Economic
- Political

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

Wratten, 1995

A

Commercialisation in the urban casuing urban poverty

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30
Q

Roy, 2011

A

Subaltern urbanism

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31
Q

Mitlin and Sattherwaite, 2013

A
  • causes of urban poverty
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32
Q

Harris, 1990

A

Cities as economies of agglomeration

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33
Q

Brenner and Keil, 2005

A

Cities as global connection nodes

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34
Q

Strand (SA)

A

93% piped water
51% internet
83% white

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35
Q

Nonzamo (SA)

A

49% piped water
24% internet
92% black

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36
Q

Strand vs Nonzamo

A
  • colour of skin determines QOL
  • Blacks in townships
  • Apartheid until 1944
  • Colonised since 1650
  • Historical roots - railways to get diamonds, black communities excluded, native land act 1913 pusged blacked into 8% of land
  • 148 apartheid laws between 1949-71
  • Intergenerational impacts of apartheid
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37
Q

Mumbai

A
  • IMR of 6.3%
  • 1.2m earn less than $0.5 a day
  • 1976 Slum Upgrading Programme by world bank
  • Formalising slumbs may be worse for people
  • 500 acres
  • over the last 30 years people in the Kolius resisdence have switcehd from freshwater fishing to professional occupations
  • Common toilets for 30 rupees per month
  • Toilets unsafe for women
  • Waste management is a problem
  • Congestion
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38
Q

Detroit

A
  • Rustbelt
  • Deindustrialised - GM, Chrisler, Ford
  • Population delcine from 1.5m in 1970 to 680,000 in 2015
  • Av income is $25k, below av of $35k
  • Poverty rate is 38%
  • LE is 69
  • High school graduation rate is 30%
  • 2nd highest murder rate
  • Spiral of decline
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39
Q

“The urbanisation of capital”

A

Harvey, 1985

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40
Q

“Urban theory without the outside”

A

Brenner, 2018

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41
Q

“The city, or at least the urban, is now practically everywhere”

A

Gandy, 2014

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42
Q

“The urban is not a unit but a process of transformation”

A

(Brenner, 2016)

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43
Q

“In ten short years, what was once an object of luxury and privilidge, the mobile phone, has become a basic neccessity in Africa”

A

Paul Kagame

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44
Q

“No country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without industrialisation”

A
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45
Q

When Dante wrote of Hell where did he have in mind

A

Florence

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46
Q

Henry Ford quote

A

“We shall solve the city by leaving the city”

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47
Q

2007 UN announcement

A

50% of wolrd population lives in cities

48
Q

2050 urban prediction (UN, 2003)

A

75% urban

49
Q

What does Hollis claim

A

We are an urban species

50
Q

Examples of varying urban expansion

A

Jinjiang in China - will grow 26% by 2050
London, UK - will grow 0.7% by 2050

51
Q

Hollis overall claim

A

Cities are good for us

52
Q

What will be the fastest growing urban regions

A

Slums

53
Q

Defining slum charactaristics

A
  • Desperation
  • Without resources
  • Water insecuity
  • Precarity
  • Informal economy
54
Q

City size and consumption (Hollis, 2014)

A

Cities take more than 2% of earth surface but use 80% of energy

55
Q

Las Ramblas (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Transformd in 1982
  • Pedestrianisation
  • Model
56
Q

Why have people migrated to Texas (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • 1m migrants in last decade
  • House prices
  • Lower tax
  • Good schools
  • Infrastricture
  • Daily commute
57
Q

Key contention between Jacobs and Moses (Hollis, 2014)

A

Jacobs hated the top-down, backdoor approaches to city planning—the very approaches that Moses so readily employed. Jacobs fought for the people and, specifically, for the pedestrians; Moses, it was said, favored automobiles over people. And in many cases, his plans completely displaced people

58
Q

What did EO Wilsin suggest (Hollis, 2014)

A

City is a super organism

59
Q

What are cities good for (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • weak ties
60
Q

Funky quote (Hollis, 2014)

A

“The city is increasingly an atomosed space, where we lose the tranditional connections with friends and family, these are not replaced by a meal for one, sat in front of Facebook in a studio flat

61
Q

Wirth urbanism as a Way of Life

A
  • City was a threat to culture
  • City undermined social ties and replaced them with “Impersonal, sueprficial, transistory and segmental relationships”
62
Q

What does West suggest

A
  • City is more effient as it grows
  • ## A growth of 100% only uses 75% more energy
63
Q

What is the city - relationships (Hollis, 2014)

A

The city is a place of liberty, where we are free to pursue our individual fortunes, but it is also a place that crams many people together, threatening conflict and inequality

64
Q

Key problem in cities (Hollis, 2014)

A

Inequality

65
Q

Two types of theoretical cities (Hollis, 2014)

A

Hobbesian - strong state centeal planning - beiking, Dubai, Singapore
Lockean - trust is essential - NYC

66
Q

Example of urban revival (Hollis, 2014)

A

Newark under Cory Booker since 2006
- ran on a ticket of public safety, urban renewal and respect

67
Q

Example of how infrastructure is important for city function (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Bundestag rebuilt in 1992
  • glass dome above central debating chamber = visiots can look down
  • Transparent from all directions
68
Q

Ebenezer Howard (Hollis, 2014)

A

Garden city
- all the urban advantages but benefit from the qualities of countryside
- First proposed in 1898
- Planned on a concentric grid with a library, town hall, museum, concert hall and hospital gathered in the centre
- More interested in planning than process

69
Q

Henri Lefebvre [1970] quote

A

“I’ll begin with the following hypothesis: society has become completely urbanized”

70
Q

What does urban planning often ignore (Hollis, 2014)

A

The human element
- The streets, parks and public spaces of the city, the places where people meet, were more important than traffic flow

71
Q

Bilbao effect (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • 1980
  • transformed under architecture of Frank Gehry with The Guggenheim
  • new investment in transport, airport, subway and improved sanitation and air quality to make the new destination more attractive
  • paid for itself in 7 years
  • $26m in tax rev
72
Q

Adam Smith (Hollis, 2014)

A

Invisible hand of capitalism
- Competition fuels innovation
- Creativity drives its own virtuous circle

73
Q

Santa Clara County, USA (Hollis, 2014)

A

60% of scientists born outside US
28% of workforce are Indian

74
Q

Bangalore (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • pop has grown from 1.6m in 1971 to 8.4m in 2014
  • tech
  • fabric of the city is failing to keep up with demand of new economy
75
Q

What have cities done (Hollis, 2014)

A

Specialised
- Hollywood for movies
- Milan for fashion
- Wall Street for banking

76
Q

iPhone GPN (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Devised in Cupertino, CA
  • Silicon Chip designed by ARM in Cam
  • Chip developed in South Korea
  • Phone handset assembled in a FoxConn factory in Chengdu, China
77
Q

Advantages and costs of globalisation (Hollis, 2014)

A

World is being divided up in terms of local specilisation, connected through a network that links cities ever closer

78
Q

How do cities influence human behaviour (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Wealthy cities people walk quicker
  • Trial of 31 cities. 9/top 10 were wealthy
  • When time is money you need to pick up the pace
79
Q

What causes slum formation (Hollis, 2014)

A

Density

80
Q

Biggest problem of our age

A

Density

81
Q

Impact of cities on people (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Encourage creativity
  • Weak ties encourages innovation
82
Q

How does city influence behaviour (Hollis, 2014)

A

Forces people to adapt
- Urban areas more open and civil as the diversity of community does not nuture divisions but accomodation and politeness

83
Q

Detroit (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • How changing levels of density can impact a city
  • Highland Park built for Ford in 1912 - 170,000 Model Ts per year
  • Expansion in population from 400k in 1910 to 1.7m in 1930
  • 1930 depression reuslted in half workforce laid off and 50% of city in poverty
  • Peak pop of 1.8m in 1950
  • Spools unevenly shared
  • Population declined by 25% between 2000-10
  • Average income half median
  • 25% unemployment in 2009
  • 50% of children in poverty
  • 91,000 buildings empty
84
Q

What have planners suggested to rescue Detroit (Hollis, 2014)

A

Make it less dense
- Bulldose
- But not just density as sunbelt cities like Phoenix or Houston are less dense

85
Q

What do slums have (Hollis, 2014)

A

Strong communities

86
Q

Who had an ecological approach to urban life - the city was a place of difference and the environment is key in determining human behaviour (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Robert Park
  • Ernest Burgess
87
Q

What did the Chicago School see the city as

A

The problem

88
Q

Broken Windows Theory (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Valdalism and broken windows symbolise a don’t care attitude
  • Need to repair broken windows
  • Leads to breakdown of community control
  • Take care of the small stuff and you take care of the big stuff
89
Q

Putnam 2000 Book

A

Bowling Alone
- Society more atomised
- Spend less time talking to each other
- Engage in less leisure activities
- Spend more time watching and less time doing
- Know neighbors less well
- See friends less often

90
Q

What does Putnam 2000 calculate

A

Television alone is responsible for a 25% drop in social interaction

91
Q

What have public spaces become (Putnam, 2000)

A

Privatised

92
Q

Anna Minton 2017 quote

A

“Who controls the roads and streets is enormously important to how cities function”

93
Q

Who was the first woman economic to win the Nobel Prize

A

Elinor Ostrom in 2009
- researched common pool resources

94
Q

What does Locke say is at the heart of the city

A

Trust

95
Q

Example of gov no longer trusting citizens

A
  • CCTV cameras
  • 500,000 in London
  • Typical person caught on CCTV 300 times per day
96
Q

Stephen Graham (2016)

A
  • Vertical dimentions
  • City itself has become a battleground on the War Against Terror
  • CCTV to watch the emey within
  • “Contemporary warfare takes places in supermarkets, tower blocks, subway tunnels and industrial districts rather than open fields, jungles or deserts”
  • Urban warfare uses techniques from conventional warfare
  • Olympics was militarised costing £553m
  • CCTv and facial reconition software
  • Surface to air missiles on top of council flats near Olympic village
97
Q

Wealth distributions (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • 90% of world wealth held by richest 1%
98
Q

After 2008 financial crash uneven wealth distribution in UK (Hollis, 2014)

A

Top 1% earned 18x average wage - before it was 5.7x

99
Q

What does the top 1% of US population own (Hollis, 2014)

A

22% of economy

100
Q

Impact of inequality

A
  • unequal distribution of opportunities
  • Harder access to housing, healthcare, education and transport
  • Inequality connected to higher crime and murder rates
101
Q

How have slums emerged in China (Hollis, 2014)

A

Hukou System
- Used to restrict movement from countryside to city
- Has created a class of illegal workers in the city
- 200 million live in the city illegally, and thus cannot expect governmetn services, healthcare or education

102
Q

Cause of 2008 crash (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • Subprime market
  • Massive extension of debt
103
Q

What are houses (Hollis, 2014)

A

No longer a home but a speculative commodity that you happened to live in

104
Q

Example of housing in Ireland

A
  • Between 2000-06 house prices in Ireland doubled
  • In 1997 only 4% of loan applications came from unskilled/manual workers; by 2004 it was 12%
105
Q

How is affordable housing defined (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • 80% of market rate
106
Q

What is Dharavi (Hollis, 2014)

A

A well established community

107
Q

UN Habitat Report 2003

A
  • Urban is 50% by 2007
  • In 2001 1/3 of urban population lived in slums and was increasing
108
Q

Disparities in informality (Hollis, 2014)

A
  • In the west 6% of urban population in slums
  • In Mumbai nearer 62%
109
Q

What could the number of slum dwellers exceed in 2050 (Hollis, 2014)

A

2bn

110
Q

What is the slum not

A

A universal phenomena

111
Q

What is the 5 point definition of a slum given by the UN Habitat Report 2003

A
  • Inadequate access to safe water
  • Inadequate access to sanitation
  • Inadequate access to infrastructure
  • Poor structual quality of housing and overcrowding
  • Insecure residential status
112
Q

What is the slum (Hollis, 2014)

A

Part of the city, not apart from it

113
Q

How should slums be transformed (Hollis, 2014)

A

Improved from within

114
Q

Key issues in slums (Hollis, 2014)

A

Gender

115
Q

Impact of tech on urban

A
  • 10% rise in telecommunication penetrtaion results in a 1.5% increase in productivity
116
Q
A

Paper 1: People, Place and the Politics of Difference (8 decks)

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