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Infection > E Coli And Influenza > Flashcards

E Coli And Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bacteria is E. coli

A

Gram negative rod bacteria

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2
Q

Where is E. coli normal

A

Normal microbiota of the large bowels

Protects from salmonella

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3
Q

What infections does E. coli commonly cause

A

UTI
Intestinal infections
Sepsis or neonatal meningitis

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4
Q

Features of E. coli in the lab

A

Lactose-fermenting
Can use macConkey agar
Contains lactose

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5
Q

Antigens of E. coli

A

O H F K

Encode a specific structure of the bacteria

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6
Q

Structure of E. coli

A

Capsule K
LPS O
Fimbriae F
Flagella H

Production of toxins
Cell membrane

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7
Q

Most E. coli strains are

A

Harmless

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8
Q

6 strains of diarrhoeagenic E. coli

A 
Enterotoxinigenic E. coli 
Enteropathogenic E. coli 
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 
Enteroagressive E. coli 
Enteroinvaseive E. coli 
Diffusely adherent E. coli
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9
Q

What strains of E. coli are most common among children on the developing world

A

EPEC and EIEC

Enteropathogenic E. coli
Enteroinvasive E. coli

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10
Q

What causes travellers diarrhoea

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli- through 2 toxins (heat labile and heat stable)

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11
Q

How does Enteropathogenic E. coli work

A

Creates a translocation tube to access and anchor into the enterocyte

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12
Q

How does Shiga toxin work

A

A and B subunits- inhibits protein synthesis within the cell and this causes cell death

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13
Q

E. coli strains that cause extra-intestinal disease are classified under

A

Extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)

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14
Q

Example of ExPEC

A

Uropathogenic E. coli

Adhesions- type 1 fimbrae
Toxins- LPS alpha haemolysis

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15
Q

Prevention of diarrhoea related E. coli infection

A 
Avoid foods and drink that could be contaminated 
Raw fruits and veg 
Raw seafood or undercooked meat 
Unpasteurised dairy products
Ice 
Food from street vendors
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16
Q

Treatment of diarrhoea related E. coli infection

A

Most will recover in a few days
Clear liquids
Oral rehydration solutions
Avoid antibiotics

17
Q

Management of UTI related E. coli infection

A

Antibiotics

Trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

18
Q

What is flu/influenza

A 
Acute viral infection of respiratory tract 
Highly infectious 
Orthomyxovirus 
Spherical and enveloped 
Negative strand RNA genome
19
Q

Influenza important antigens

A

Haemagglutinin H (binds to cells of infected person)

Neuraminidase N (releases virus from host cell surface)

20
Q

3 types of influenza

A

Influenza A: many animals, antigenic drift and shift, pandemics

Influenza B: only humans, antigenic drift, mainly older adults

Influenza C: humans and pigs, antigenic drift, produces mild disease

21
Q

How is influenza transmitted

A

Respiratory route

22
Q

Innate immune system barriers to entry of influenza

A

Respiratory epithelial cells are covered by a thick glycocalyx and tracheobronchial mucus that can trap virus particles

Ciliated respiratory epithelial cells mucocilliary escalator

Immunologic defence in lung including secretory IgA, natural killer cells and macrophages

23
Q

How does influenza virus enter host cells

A

Attaches to Sialic acid residues on host cell glycoproteins or glycolipids

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Attachment and fusion functions associated with H protein

Viral release is facilitates by the neuraminidase protein, leaves sialic acid residue of glycoprotein on cell surface and allows release of viral particle

24
Q

Symptoms of influenza

A

Fever, headache, sore throat, cough, aches and pains

Complications among for a large amount of fatalities

Incubation 1-5 days
Recovery within 7

25
Q

Diagnosis of influenza

A

From symptoms and clinical assessment

Rapid antigen tests and PCR

26
Q

Treatments of influenza

A

Anti virals and neuraminidase inhibitor
Vaccination
Formalin-inactivated vaccine against A and B for adults
Cold-adapted vaccine for children (virus particles in this vaccine reproduce in the nose and throat but not in the higher temperatures in the lugs)

27
Q

Properties of flu

A

Constantly replicating
Life cycle of 6 hours
viral RNA polymerases have high error rate

28
Q

Describe genetic drift

A

Point mutations lead to genetic variation in both surface antigens H and N

Minor antigenic changes

29
Q

Describe antigenic shift

A

Major changes that occur suddenly when 2 or more different strains combine

New subtype and widespread epidemics

No previous immunity

30
Q

Deaths in young people in Spanish flu

A

Cytokine storms

T cells attack and destroy the tissues in which the virus is replicating

Infection (6 decks)

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