dystonia

Question 1

clinical classification of dystonia?

Answer 1

Focal- single body region
segmental- involves two or more adjacent
body segments, including the involvement of both arms or both legs
Multifocal- at least two noncontiguous or more
body regions
Generalized- has truncal involvement and at least two other distant sites.
Hemidystonia involves multiple body regions restricted to a single side

Question 2

classification of dystonia

Answer 2

Axis I (clinical characteristics) involves (1) age of onset, (2) body distribution, (3) temporal
pattern, and (4) associated clinical features
Axis II (etiology) : (1) underlying nervous
system pathology (imaging/diagnostic testing)
(2) whether the disorder is inherited,
acquired, or idiopathic.

Question 3

pattern of dystonia?

Answer 3

1. persistent pattern, dystonia presence and severity are roughly similar throughout
   the day.
   2.Action-specific/task-specific dystonia only occurs during a particular activity, such as writing, typing, playing an instrument, or singing
2. Paroxysmal dystonia involves sudden, discrete episodes of dystonia, with return to neurologic
   baseline
3. Diurnal variation (mild symptoms on awakening and worsening as the day progresses) is classically seen in dopa-responsive dystonia

Question 4

causes of dystonia

Answer 4

Genetic :DYT
Vascular: Stroke in BG will cause CL hemidystonia, AV malformation
Infectious: encephalitis, CJD
Toxic: carbon monoxide, methanol, manganese, neuroleptics
Metabolic: Hepatic encephalopathy, hypoparathyrodism
Inflamatory: MS, APLAs
Neoplasty: LGI1 (gasxhiobraxhiak dystonic seizure)

Question 5

Genetic:

Answer 5

TOR1A- AD- most common early-onset generalized dystonia, particularly prevalent in Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. frequently involves focal leg or later arm involvement, then rapidly generalizes.