Dyspraxia Flashcards
Describe the small world model in the context of brain network organization.
The small world model describes the brain as a network that combines local clustering with long-range connections, enabling efficient information transfer while minimizing energy costs.
How do nodes function within the brain’s network architecture?
Nodes represent distinct brain regions or functional areas and act as processing centers for specific cognitive functions.
Define modules in the context of brain network architecture.
Modules are collections of densely interconnected nodes that form specialized functional units, enabling efficient local processing.
What role do hubs play in brain networks?
Hubs are modules that connect to other modules and clusters, critical for the integration of information across networks.
Explain the consequences of damage to hubs in the brain.
Damage to hubs can lead to widespread dysfunction, where information can still be processed but cannot be acted upon.
How does the brain’s network architecture support both specialized functions and global connectivity?
The brain’s network architecture features both segregated and integrated processing, allowing for specialized functions while maintaining global connectivity.
What is the significance of the brain operating as a small world network?
The significance lies in its ability to facilitate efficient information transfer and minimize energy costs, which is crucial for cognitive functioning.
Identify the characteristics of nodes in the brain’s network.
Nodes are peripheral connection points that represent distinct brain regions or functional areas and serve as processing centers for cognitive functions.
Discuss the importance of modules in brain processing.
Modules are important because they consist of densely interconnected nodes that allow for efficient local processing, enhancing the brain’s functional capabilities.
What happens to information processing when hubs are damaged?
When hubs are damaged, information can still be processed, but the ability to act on that information is compromised.
Describe the Default Mode Network (DMN) and its key regions.
The Default Mode Network (DMN) includes key regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), posterior cingulate cortex (pCC), and precuneus. It is involved in mental image processing, episodic memory retrieval, and imagining future events.
How does the DMN function during rest?
The DMN is active during rest and is considered a task-negative network associated with ‘stimulus independent thought’, promoting internal cognitive processes in the absence of immediate external stimulation.
Define ideomotor and ideational deficits related to the DMN.
Ideomotor deficit refers to the difficulty in translating a mental image into intended motor action, while ideational deficit involves difficulty in constructing a mental image to follow while performing an intended motor action.
What is the role of the Frontoparietal Network (FPN)?
The Frontoparietal Network (FPN) is responsible for modulating behavioral responses, creating context for analysis and interpretation, and guiding decisions and interactions with the environment.
How does dysfunction in the FPN affect cognitive abilities?
Dysfunction in the FPN is linked to motor planning deficits and cognitive impairments, such as attention control issues and difficulties in decision making.
Describe the function of the Salience Network (SN).
The Salience Network (SN) identifies and interprets external stimuli, including body sensations, leading to reactions and adaptations to sensory experiences.
What types of information does the Salience Network integrate?
The Salience Network integrates sensory and emotional information, which is crucial for responding to various stimuli.
Identify the primary areas excluded from the DMN, FPN, and SN.
The primary areas excluded from the DMN, FPN, and SN include V1 (visual cortex), M1 (primary motor cortex), and S1 (primary somatosensory cortex).
Describe how adaptations can influence perception and cognition in individuals with dyspraxia.
Adaptations can affect planning and decision-making processes by impacting attention, emotional processing, and sensory interpretation.
Define the primary and secondary dysfunctions associated with dyspraxia.
Primary dysfunctions include attention deficit and awareness, emotional processing difficulties, and sensory interpretation deficits.
How does attention deficit affect individuals with dyspraxia?
Attention deficit impacts alertness and sustained attention, making it challenging to differentiate important stimuli.
Explain the role of the anterior insula (aINS) in sensory interpretation for individuals with dyspraxia.
The anterior insula serves as a primary sensory integration hub, helping to integrate sensory information and identify important sensory input.
What are the core characteristics of apraxia as a disconnection syndrome?
Core characteristics include impaired motor planning and execution, preserved basic motor abilities, and difficulty with learned movements despite intact strength and coordination.
List the main symptoms commonly observed in cases of apraxia.
Main symptoms include aphasia, deficits in sequential movement (ADLs), difficulties with tool use, impaired imitation, and problems with gesture production.
Describe the Liepmann Model in relation to dyspraxia.
The Liepmann Model is a classification model for higher-level motor disorders that describes dyspraxia as a disturbance in one of two phases, specifically ideational dyspraxia, which involves the creation of a mental image of movement in space.
How does emotional processing difficulty manifest in individuals with dyspraxia?
Emotional processing difficulties can affect the ability to respond appropriately to emotional stimuli, impacting social interactions and decision-making.
What is the significance of preserved basic motor abilities in individuals with apraxia?
Preserved basic motor abilities indicate that while higher-level motor planning is impaired, fundamental motor skills remain intact, allowing for some functional movement.
Explain the impact of sensory interpretation deficits on daily activities for individuals with dyspraxia.
Sensory interpretation deficits can lead to challenges in responding to environmental cues, affecting the ability to perform daily activities effectively.
Describe ideomotor dyspraxia.
Ideomotor dyspraxia is characterized by a deficit in the pantomime of tool use and meaningless gestures, without a loss of knowledge of the task.
How does the Callosal Model explain dyspraxia?
The Callosal Model focuses on interhemispheric disconnection, explaining bilateral apraxia patterns and highlighting the role of the corpus callosum.
Define Geschwind’s Model in relation to dyspraxia.
Geschwind’s Model emphasizes the disconnection between language and motor areas, explaining verbal-motor dissociation and accounting for ideomotor apraxia.
What are the developmental characteristics of dyspraxia?
Developmental characteristics of dyspraxia include early onset of motor planning difficulties, impact on daily activities and learning, and often co-occurrence with other neurodevelopmental conditions.
Explain the difference between ideomotor and ideational dyspraxia.
Ideomotor dyspraxia involves deficits in pantomime of tool use, while ideational dyspraxia involves deficits in tool use and sequential tasks.
How does limb-kinetic dyspraxia present itself?
Limb-kinetic dyspraxia presents as a manipulative deficit, similar to a loss of dexterity in the contralateral limb, affecting coordination and dexterity.
What is the conceptual deficit in dyspraxia?
The conceptual deficit in dyspraxia involves a knowledge deficit about the selection of tools and objects for a task, complicating the connection between action and tool semantics.
Describe the dissociative presentation of dyspraxia.
The dissociative presentation of dyspraxia involves a deficit in following verbal commands only.
Describe the key features of Apraxia of Speech.
Key features include impaired motor planning for speech, inability to mimic mouth/tongue movements, inconsistent errors, prosodic disturbances, and groping articulatory movements.
How does Apraxia of Speech differ from Aphasia?
Apraxia of Speech is a motor planning disorder affecting speech production, while Aphasia is a language disorder affecting word choice and comprehension.
Define Apraxia of Speech.
Apraxia of Speech is a motor planning disorder where individuals know what they want to say but struggle to coordinate the movements of their speech muscles.
Explain the impact of Apraxia of Speech on communication effectiveness.
Individuals with Apraxia of Speech may have difficulty producing sounds correctly, which can hinder their ability to communicate effectively.
What is the relationship between Apraxia of Speech and language comprehension?
In Apraxia of Speech, language comprehension is typically preserved, meaning individuals understand language but struggle with speech production.
Illustrate the analogy used to explain Apraxia of Speech.
The analogy compares Apraxia of Speech to knowing what to write but having difficulty controlling the hand to form letters.
Describe the nature of Aphasia.
Aphasia is a language disorder that affects a person’s ability to choose words, construct sentences, and understand language.
How does damage to specific brain areas relate to Aphasia?
Aphasia is typically caused by damage to Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas in the brain, which are crucial for language processing.
What challenges do individuals with Aphasia face in communication?
Individuals with Aphasia struggle to find the right words, construct sentences, and understand what others are saying.
Identify the assessment components for clinical evaluation of speech disorders.
The content does not specify the assessment components, but clinical evaluation typically includes various tests to assess speech and language abilities.
Describe the challenges faced by a dyspraxic patient in terms of movement.
A dyspraxic patient may have difficulty producing adequate movements not only on the contralesional body hemisphere but also on the ipsilesional side.
What types of gestures are assessed in dyspraxia?
Gestures are assessed as transitive (tool-related) and intransitive (communicative), as well as meaningful versus meaningless gestures.
How is imitation testing relevant to dyspraxia?
Imitation testing reveals deficits in translating mental images into gestures and explores the connection between the perception of a gesture and its execution.
What methods can be used to test gestural recall in dyspraxic patients?
Testing can be done through ‘Recall of communicative gestures’ or ‘Pantomime of tool use’.
Define the role of real object use in dyspraxia assessment.
Real object use involves transitive movements and is assessed through technical reasoning and mechanical reasoning.
What standardized assessments are used for dyspraxia?
Standardized assessments include the Florida Apraxia Battery Test of Upper Limb Apraxia and the Apraxia Screen of TULIA.
How does the bottom-up strategy work for treating dyspraxic patients?
The bottom-up strategy focuses on conditioning the patient by providing step-by-step instructions on how to perform tasks.
What is the significance of classic conditioning in dyspraxia treatment?
Classic conditioning is used as an effective method to treat dyspraxic patients, complementing the bottom-up strategy.
Explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down strategies in dyspraxia treatment.
The bottom-up strategy is more efficient for dyspraxic patients as it focuses on task performance through detailed steps, while top-down strategies may not be as effective.
Describe the impact of dyspraxia on a patient’s flexibility and adaptability.
Dyspraxia can decrease a patient’s flexibility and adaptability, leading to challenges in performing activities of daily living (ADL) and a reduction in autonomy.
How does classic conditioning relate to dyspraxia treatment?
Classic conditioning involves an action followed by a reaction, which is then repeated to help reinforce learning and improve motor skills in patients with dyspraxia.
Define strategy training in the context of dyspraxia.
Strategy training involves using compensatory mechanisms to facilitate activities of daily living, which can include mentally describing actions or modifying objects with assistive technology.
What role does sensory stimulation play in dyspraxia therapy?
Sensory stimulation applies direct or indirect augmented sensory input, such as pressure and tactile feedback, to enhance proprioceptive input and improve motor function.
How can visual guidance be optimized for patients with dyspraxia?
Visual guidance can be optimized by using bright colors and interesting textures for task-related items to increase stimulation, while keeping other items in dull colors.
List the systems most utilized in dyspraxia treatment.
The systems most utilized are the visual system, somatosensory system, auditory system, and olfactory system.
What are the applications of dyspraxia interventions?
Applications include enhanced body awareness, improved motor planning, and better movement control.
Describe the types of cues used in dyspraxia therapy.
Types of cues include verbal cues, which help guide the patient through tasks and improve their performance.
How does adding variation affect cognitive load in dyspraxia patients?
Adding variation can increase the cognitive load for dyspraxia patients, making it more challenging for them to adapt and respond.
Explain the importance of tactile feedback in sensory stimulation for dyspraxia.
Tactile feedback is important as it provides sensory input that can help improve proprioceptive awareness and motor control in dyspraxia patients.
Describe the role of visual cues in therapy for dyspraxia.
Visual cues involve using bright colors and interesting textures for tasks to increase stimulation for the patient, while everything else should be in dull colors.
How do chaining techniques assist patients with dyspraxia?
Chaining techniques break down actions into smaller, more manageable steps, making tasks like making coffee easier for the patient.
Define transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
tDCS is a therapeutic approach that involves applying a constant, low electrical current to the scalp to modulate neuronal activity.
What is the purpose of paired associative stimulation (PAS) in dyspraxia treatment?
PAS is used to enhance the connection between sensory and motor pathways, potentially improving motor function.
Explain the difference between excitatory and inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Excitatory TMS uses high frequency (around 5Hz) to stimulate brain activity, while inhibitory TMS uses low frequency (0.2 to 1Hz) to reduce brain activity.
How does theta burst stimulation (TBS) differ from traditional TMS?
TBS involves shorter stimulation periods compared to traditional TMS, allowing for rapid modulation of neuronal activity.
What are the potential risks of overstimulating TMS?
Overstimulation of TMS can lead to hallucinations on good days or seizures on bad days.
List the therapeutic approaches with strong evidence for dyspraxia treatment.
Strong evidence supports task-specific training, strategy training for activities of daily living (ADLs), and gesture therapy.
Identify the therapeutic approaches with moderate evidence for dyspraxia treatment.
Moderate evidence supports sensory stimulation, virtual reality interventions, and mental practice.
