Dyslipidemias: Clinical Features and Evaluation

Question 1

How is LDL calculated?

Answer 1

LDL = total cholesterol –(HDL + triglycerides/5)

The three values on the right side of the equation are measured directly, and VLDL = triglycerides/5.

Question 2

The average level of LDL in America is _________.

Answer 2

116

Question 3

Use of statins and the subsequent lowering of LDL has been shown to ________________.

Answer 3

stabilize atherosclerotic plaques and prevent CVD incidents

Question 4

True or false: elevated cholesterol is a requirement for development of atherosclerotic plaques.

Answer 4

False.

Question 5

Familial hypercholesterolemia most often results from ____________.

Answer 5

defects in the LDL receptor

Question 6

PCSK9 binds to _____________ and leads to its degradation.

Answer 6

the LDL receptor

Question 7

What is arcus cornealis?

Answer 7

Lipid deposits at the limbis of the cornea due to hypercholesterolemia; can be seen in African Americans without hypercholesterolemia

Question 8

Tendinous xanthomas can present as _______________.

Answer 8

bumps or thickened tendons

Question 9

There isn’t good enough data to support that having _____________ or ____________ raise CVD risk.

Answer 9

high triglycerides; low HDL

Question 10

Increased LDL production can result from _____________.

Answer 10

insulin resistance, because the excess insulin stimulates lipogenesis, causing VLDLs to increase (and thus LDLs to increase downstream)

Question 11

Severe hypertriglyceridemia results from ________________.

Answer 11

defects in lipoprotein lipase and/or overproduction of VLDL

Question 12

What eight factors go into computing ASCVD risk?

Answer 12

Age (older +) 
Gender (men +) 
Hypertension 
Diabetes
LDL
Total cholesterol 
Cigarette smoking

Question 13

PCSK inhibitors have been theorized to __________.

Answer 13

decrease LDL levels by inhibiting degradation

Question 14

PCSK gain-of-function mutations have been shown to _____________.

Answer 14

increase serum LDL levels

Question 15

The two most research-supported genes implicated in hypertriglyceridemia are ___________.

Answer 15

LPL and apoprotein a5

Question 16

The primary goal in severe hypertriglyceridemia is ____________.

Answer 16

to prevent pancreatitis

Question 17

Dysbetalipoproteinemia results from __________ and leads to ______________.

Answer 17

apoE2 phenotype (when the normal is E3 or E4); high triglycerides and low HDL