DYSLIPIDEMIA

Question 1

Why are lipoproteins required for lipids transportation

Answer 1

Lipids are insoluble in plasma

Question 2

Major transporter of triglycerides

Answer 2

VLDL

Question 2

Which lipid measurement incorporates IDL

Answer 2

LDL

Question 3

Conversion of LDL, HDL and total cholesterol from mg/dl to mmol/l

Answer 3

Divide by 38.67

Question 4

Conversion of triglycerides from mg/dl to mmol/l

Answer 4

Divide by 88.57

Question 5

Components of chylomicrons

Answer 5

Triglyceride core
Cholesterol esters
Free cholesterol
Phospholipids
Apolipoprotein

Question 6

What are xanthomas

Answer 6

Xanthomas are localized lipid deposits within an organ system

Question 7

How does hypertriglyceridemia cause acute pancreatitis?

Answer 7

First, chylomicrons are hydrolyzed in the vascular bed of the pancreas. This releases high levels of FFAs that exceed the binding capacity of plasma albumin, and unbound FFAs self-aggregate into micellar structures
with detergent properties. These toxic structures can cause damage to platelets, the vascular endothelium and acinar cells, which results in ischemia and acidosis

Secondly: HTG (by causing an excess of free fatty acids (FFAs)) and elevated chylomicrons are thought to increase plasma viscosity, which may induce ischemia in pancreatic tissue and trigger organ inflammation

Question 8

4D causes of secondary dyslipidemia

Answer 8

Diet
Drugs
Disorder
Disease

Question 9

Drugs that can cause dyslipidemia

Answer 9

Beta-blockers
Diuretics
Glucagon
Atypical antipsychotics
Glucocorticoids
Oral estrogen and progestin
Tacrolimus
Cyclosporine

Question 10

Receptor responsible for uptake of chylomicron remnants in liver

Answer 10

LDL receptor

Question 10

Function of VLDL

Answer 10

Transports lipids and triglycerides to tissues for energy and storage

Question 10

Purpose of apolipoproteins

Answer 10

Assembly and secretion of lipoproteins
Have ligands for binding to cell surfaces or receptors
Cofactors for activation of enzymes

Question 11

Apolipoproteins found in HDL

Answer 11

ApoA-I and ApoA II

Question 12

Apolipoprotein found in LDL

Answer 12

ApoB-10

Question 13

Apolipoprotein in VLDL

Answer 13

ApoB-100

Question 14

Apolipoprotein in chylomicrons

Answer 14

Apo-B48

Question 15

Function of apo A-1

Answer 15

Activates Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT

Question 16

Function of ApoA-II

Answer 16

Inhibits Hepatic lipase in high concentrations

Question 17

Where are ApoE, C-I, C-II and C-III found

Answer 17

All lipoproteins (HDL, VLDL, chylomicrons)

Question 18

ApoA-I is found in

Answer 18

Chylomicrons
HDL

Question 19

Function of ApoC-II

Answer 19

Activates lipoprotein lipase

Question 20

Function of ApoA-I

Answer 20

Activates LCAT

Question 21

Function of ApoC-III

Answer 21

Inhibits lipoprotein lipase
Inhibits clearance of chylomicrons and VLDL remnants

Question 22

Components of the ASCVD calculator

Answer 22

Age
Race
Gender
HDL-c
Total cholesterol
Systolic BP
Treatment for hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking status

Question 23

Normal lipid levels in adults

Answer 23

Total cholesterol <5.17mmol/l
LDL <2.59mmol/l
HDL <1.03mmol/l
Triglycerides < 1.70mmol/l

Question 24

Statin benefit group

Answer 24

1. Secondary prevention (Clinical ASCVD)
   Very high risk- high intensity or maximally olerated statin
   Not at very high risk
   Age <75- high intensity statin
   Age >75- moderate intensity statin
2. Primary prevention (LDL>= 4.91mmol/l)
   High intensity statin
3. Primary prevention: DM 40-75 years with LDL between 1.81 to 4.89mmol/l
   ASCVD > 7.5- high intensity statin
   ASCVD <7.5- moderate intensity statin
   Consider statin even if <40 years or >75 years
4. Primary prevention: Aged 40-75 years, no diabetes, LDL between 1.81 to 4.89
   ASCVD >20%- high intensity statin
   ASCVD between 7.5 to 20%- consider moderate intensity statin
   ASCVD 5 to 7.5%- consider statin

4.