Dyslexia

Question 1

Types of dyslexia:
Phonological dyslexia - Good with familiar words but not unfamiliar or pseudo-words
Superficial dyslexia - Recognises phenology but cannot recognise words as a whole. Can read familiar words, unfamiliar words and pseudo-words

Answer 1

Tamayo (2017)

Question 2

Prevalence of dyslexia is variable

Answer 2

Rose (2009)

Question 3

Prevalence of dyslexia is 3-6%, more boys than girls

Answer 3

Rutter et al (2004)

Question 4

40% of boys and 18% of girls with dyslexia also have a parent with dyslexia

Answer 4

Pennington and Smith (1988)

Question 5

Concordance rate of dyslexia is higher in identical than non-identical twins

Answer 5

DeFries et al (1987)

Question 6

Shorter genes in chromosome 6 could cause dyslexia

Answer 6

Cardon et al (1994)

Question 7

Relatively high heritability was found in twins regarding reading ability and dyslexia

Answer 7

Hansler et al (2010)

Question 8

The language part of the brain is smaller in dyslexics than neurotypical people

Answer 8

Grigorenko et al (2001)

Question 9

Less activation of left inferior and middle temporal lobe in dyslexics

Answer 9

Brunswick et al (1999)

Question 10

Dyslexics had less activation in Wernicke area and left insula

Answer 10

Paulesu et al (1996)

Question 11

Dyslexics show abnormal anatomy and chemistry in the cerebellum

Answer 11

Rae et al (1998)

Question 12

Dyslexics have impaired activation of the cerebellum while reading

Answer 12

Stoodley and Stein (2011)

Question 13

In meta-analysis, under activation of the cerebellum seems to be the most convincing reason for dyslexia

Answer 13

Leiner (1993)

Question 14

Close correlation between cerebellar volume in infancy and reading ability

Answer 14

Moore et al (2017)

Question 15

Low occupational status and educational status of parents is a risk factor for dyslexia, as well as having many siblings

Answer 15

Melekian (1990)

Question 16

In Arabic children, less variation in SES between dyslexic children than neurotypical children

Answer 16

Asadi et al (2023)

Question 17

COVID had a negative impact on reading abilities of 10 to 14 year olds in Wales

Answer 17

Estyn (2023)

Question 18

Jitter is shorter due to magnocellular pathway for dyslexics than neurotypicals
Magnocell layers are thinner in dyslexics than controls
Dyslexics show significantly different performance in flicker fusion task
Activity in portico magno systems is reduced around moving stimuli in dyslexics

Answer 18

Stein (2019)

Question 19

90% of studies since 2000 support Visual Perceptual Theory (dyslexia)

Answer 19

Stein (2012)

Question 20

Insufficient evidence on Visual Pathway Theory to create an intervention based on it for dyslexia

Answer 20

American Academy of Paediatrics (2009)

Question 21

Interventions for dyslexia include
1. Phonological awareness
2. Phonics
3. Spelling and writing
4. Fluency
5. Vocabulary
6. Comprehension

Answer 21

Vaughn and Roberts (2007)

Question 22

Dutch Dyslexia Programme - Early intervention for dyslexia given before Grade 1, should be adapted individually

Answer 22

Van der Leij (2013)

Question 23

Assistive technologies have been created to assist dyslexics

Answer 23

Dawson et al (2019)

Question 24

Different fonts can help dyslexic people

Answer 24

Bachmann and Mengheri (2018)

Question 25

Created coloured filters for dyslexic people. Usually yellow or dark blue

Answer 25

Stein (2019)

Question 26

25% of dyslexics can improve reading due to reading through yellow filters

Answer 26

Harries et al (2015) OR Ray et al (2005)

Question 27

Yellow paper helpful for dyslexics due to retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin

Answer 27

Hankins et al (2008)

Question 28

Using music has encouraged dyslexic children to improve phonology

Answer 28

Overy (2003)

Question 29

High co-morbidity between dyscalculia and dyslexia

Answer 29

Landerl et al (2013)

Question 30

Children than struggled with both arithmetic and reading difficulties was only 7.6%

Answer 30

Dirks et al (2016)

Question 31

Found no significant interactions between dyslexia and dyscalculia but spatial difficulties found to contribute to dyscalculia and dyscalculia/dyslexia diagnosis

Answer 31

Peters et al (2020)

Question 32

Poor verbal short term memory is present in both dyslexia and dyscalculia, and is additive

Answer 32

Wilson et al (2014)

Question 33

Visual perception could be underlying cause for dyscalculia and dyslexia

Answer 33

Cheng et al (2020)

Question 34

Those with both dyslexia and dyscalculia had deficits in Rapid Automated Naming Task, suggests they are not linked

Answer 34

Willburger et al (2008)

Question 35

Brain activity when encountering arithmetic similar in both dyscalculia and dyslexia

Answer 35

Peters et al (2018)

Question 36

Dyslexia effects a person’s self-esteem and makes them feel different from others. Tend to withdraw, have anxiety/depression and have poor social skills

Answer 36

Eissa (2010)

Question 37

Adult men with dyslexia felt less intelligent than their peers, but had average self-worth and life satisfaction

Answer 37

Boetsch et al (1996)

Question 38

Children’s phonological awareness at age 4 predicted reading ability at age 8

Answer 38

Bradley and Bryant (1983)

Question 39

Those with dyslexia show poorer performance than controls in phonological awareness task

Answer 39

Manis et al (1993)

Question 40

Dyslexic people show poor performance in phonological processing tasks

Answer 40

Snowling et al (1986)

Question 41

Dyslexics have deficits in automated naming

Answer 41

Wolf and Bowers (1999)

Question 42

Children with worse performance in visual search and spatial cuing were the worst readers

Answer 42

Franceschini et al (2012)

Question 43

Differences between dyslexics and neurotypicals in visual attention span

Answer 43

Bosse et al (2007)

Question 44

Deficits in visual attention span only applicable for a few dyslexics

Answer 44

Saksida et al (2016)

Question 45

Dual tasks more difficult in dyslexics than neurotypicals

Answer 45

Nicolson and Fawcett (1990)

Question 46

Children with dyslexia have impaired verbal STM but in tact visual LTM

Answer 46

Hulme (1981)