Autism Spectrum Disorder Flashcards
Both paternal and maternal age are associated with autism, specifically in the first-born
Durkin et al (2008)
First born to older mothers more likely to have autism, as well as mothers with gestational diabetes and bleeding in pregnancy
Pre-eclampsia and previous foetal loss found to be preventative in autism
Gardener et al (2009)
Advanced paternal age caused autism, not maternal age
Reichenburg et al (2006)
An experiment pioneered by Baron-Cohen finding candidate genes for autism. They asked for ethics from 12 autistic people but there was outrage
Spectrum 10k (2021)
Autistic people have more grey and white matter in the brain, changing across development
O’Heam et al (2008)
Autistic people show differences in neurochemical NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr. Those with cognitive deficits had less NAA/Cr
Margari et al (2018)
Those exposed to valproic acid in pregnancy showed repetitive ‘autistic’ behaviour - in rats
Choi et al (2016)
Found 16 candidate genes for autism
Ruzzo et al (2019)
There is a suggestion inheritance of autism is stronger between mothers and sons
Krumm et al (2015)
There is a genetic and environmental mix for autism, more research should look into environment
Chaste and Leboyer (2022)
Motor and functional therapies helped more than communication based therapies for autistic people
Ospina et al (2008)
Autistic people are more vulnerable to medical side effects than those without autism
Accordino et al (2016)
Out of 6 Makaton studies, 5 were found to increase communication and 4 found it initiated spoken language
Larkin et al (2021)
Autistic children who were more likely to be signed to and spoken to at the same time were more likely to develop speech than those that used sign alone
Yoder and Layton (1988)
Video modelling found to be effective in people with autism
Delano (2007)
47% achieved normal intellectual functioning after Lovaas therapy, with normal IQ and average 1st grade performance (autism)
Lovaas (1987)
When given Lovaas therapy targeting behaviour, autistic children made more gains 2 years after treatment than those that didn’t have treatment
Eldevik et al (2006)
Social Stories effective in increasing game playing behaviour, story comprehension and social skills in 8-12 year olds with autism
Andrews (2005)
Verbal intelligence and autism severity predicted how well Social Stories technique works
Feinberg (2002)
Social communication improved during Social Stories for 4 to 8 year old autistic children
Romano (2002)
Working memory and planning predicted severity of ASD
Leung et al (2015)
Autistic people with low working memory showed less adaptive behaviour, those with communication difficulties showed difficulties in executive functioning
Gilotty et al (2002)
Autistic children took less turns in conversations, were less affirming and had less gestures
Loveland et al (1988)
Autistic teens were less likely to gesture on request and had less peer interactions
Attwood et al (1988)
ASD group scored significantly lower than neurotypical groups in social communication
Wetherby et al (2007)
Autistic children with Pathological Demand Avoidance showed more executive function deficits than those without PDA
Goodson (2018)
Autistic people have deficits in planning tasks
Ozonoff et al (1991)
Autistic people have deficits in shifting tasks
Prior et al (1990)
Inconsistent evidence for working memory impairments in autistic people
Kercood et al (2014)
In working memory for autism - visuospatial sketchpad more impaired than phonological loop
Wang et al (2007)
Due to lack of grey and white matter in the brain, there are working memory and inhibition impairments in autism
O’Heam et al (2008)
Autistic people are impaired in inhibition tasks
Christ et al (2007)
Inhibition problems are observed in children with ASD, but there is large variation between studies
Guests et al (2014)
No differences between autistic and non-autistic in inhibition, however development of the skills are impaired
Luna et al (2007)
Face processing is not due to social issues, but rather a visual processing issue in autism
Behmann et al (2006)
Slow global processing of ASD in a meta-analysis
Van der Hallen et al (2015)
Autistic people fail to use context in reading
Happe (1995)
Autistic people are less likely to succumb to visual illusions
Happe (1996)
Central coherence in autism
Neurotypical - desire to have a higher meaning and tend to process information in context
Autistic - Have a bias towards local processing
Anxiety in ASD
Anxiety effects around 40-50% of people with ASD
90% of people with ASD have sensory issues
Leekam et al (2006)
1/5 of those with ASD have Pathological Demand Avoidance, however only 1 in 9 displayed the full criteria
Gilbert et al (2015)
75% of children with autism struggle with Theory of Mind
Baron-Cohen et al (1985)
Theory of Mind predicts severity of ASD
Hoogenhout and Malcolm-Smith (2017)
Correlation between Theory of Mind and social and communication difficulties in autism
Steele et al (2003)
Attention difficulties is Down syndrome and ASD are similar
Lincoln et al (2002)
Autistic people use more gestures in speech compared to Down syndrome
Attwood et al (1988)
