Autism Spectrum Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

Both paternal and maternal age are associated with autism, specifically in the first-born

A

Durkin et al (2008)

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1
Q

First born to older mothers more likely to have autism, as well as mothers with gestational diabetes and bleeding in pregnancy

Pre-eclampsia and previous foetal loss found to be preventative in autism

A

Gardener et al (2009)

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2
Q

Advanced paternal age caused autism, not maternal age

A

Reichenburg et al (2006)

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3
Q

An experiment pioneered by Baron-Cohen finding candidate genes for autism. They asked for ethics from 12 autistic people but there was outrage

A

Spectrum 10k (2021)

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4
Q

Autistic people have more grey and white matter in the brain, changing across development

A

O’Heam et al (2008)

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5
Q

Autistic people show differences in neurochemical NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr. Those with cognitive deficits had less NAA/Cr

A

Margari et al (2018)

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6
Q

Those exposed to valproic acid in pregnancy showed repetitive ‘autistic’ behaviour - in rats

A

Choi et al (2016)

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7
Q

Found 16 candidate genes for autism

A

Ruzzo et al (2019)

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8
Q

There is a suggestion inheritance of autism is stronger between mothers and sons

A

Krumm et al (2015)

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9
Q

There is a genetic and environmental mix for autism, more research should look into environment

A

Chaste and Leboyer (2022)

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10
Q

Motor and functional therapies helped more than communication based therapies for autistic people

A

Ospina et al (2008)

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11
Q

Autistic people are more vulnerable to medical side effects than those without autism

A

Accordino et al (2016)

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12
Q

Out of 6 Makaton studies, 5 were found to increase communication and 4 found it initiated spoken language

A

Larkin et al (2021)

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13
Q

Autistic children who were more likely to be signed to and spoken to at the same time were more likely to develop speech than those that used sign alone

A

Yoder and Layton (1988)

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14
Q

Video modelling found to be effective in people with autism

A

Delano (2007)

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15
Q

47% achieved normal intellectual functioning after Lovaas therapy, with normal IQ and average 1st grade performance (autism)

A

Lovaas (1987)

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16
Q

When given Lovaas therapy targeting behaviour, autistic children made more gains 2 years after treatment than those that didn’t have treatment

A

Eldevik et al (2006)

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17
Q

Social Stories effective in increasing game playing behaviour, story comprehension and social skills in 8-12 year olds with autism

A

Andrews (2005)

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18
Q

Verbal intelligence and autism severity predicted how well Social Stories technique works

A

Feinberg (2002)

19
Q

Social communication improved during Social Stories for 4 to 8 year old autistic children

A

Romano (2002)

20
Q

Working memory and planning predicted severity of ASD

A

Leung et al (2015)

21
Q

Autistic people with low working memory showed less adaptive behaviour, those with communication difficulties showed difficulties in executive functioning

A

Gilotty et al (2002)

22
Q

Autistic children took less turns in conversations, were less affirming and had less gestures

A

Loveland et al (1988)

23
Q

Autistic teens were less likely to gesture on request and had less peer interactions

A

Attwood et al (1988)

24
Q

ASD group scored significantly lower than neurotypical groups in social communication

A

Wetherby et al (2007)

25
Q

Autistic children with Pathological Demand Avoidance showed more executive function deficits than those without PDA

A

Goodson (2018)

26
Q

Autistic people have deficits in planning tasks

A

Ozonoff et al (1991)

27
Q

Autistic people have deficits in shifting tasks

A

Prior et al (1990)

28
Q

Inconsistent evidence for working memory impairments in autistic people

A

Kercood et al (2014)

29
Q

In working memory for autism - visuospatial sketchpad more impaired than phonological loop

A

Wang et al (2007)

30
Q

Due to lack of grey and white matter in the brain, there are working memory and inhibition impairments in autism

A

O’Heam et al (2008)

31
Q

Autistic people are impaired in inhibition tasks

A

Christ et al (2007)

32
Q

Inhibition problems are observed in children with ASD, but there is large variation between studies

A

Guests et al (2014)

33
Q

No differences between autistic and non-autistic in inhibition, however development of the skills are impaired

A

Luna et al (2007)

34
Q

Face processing is not due to social issues, but rather a visual processing issue in autism

A

Behmann et al (2006)

35
Q

Slow global processing of ASD in a meta-analysis

A

Van der Hallen et al (2015)

36
Q

Autistic people fail to use context in reading

A

Happe (1995)

37
Q

Autistic people are less likely to succumb to visual illusions

A

Happe (1996)

38
Q

Central coherence in autism

A

Neurotypical - desire to have a higher meaning and tend to process information in context
Autistic - Have a bias towards local processing

39
Q

Anxiety in ASD

A

Anxiety effects around 40-50% of people with ASD

40
Q

90% of people with ASD have sensory issues

A

Leekam et al (2006)

41
Q

1/5 of those with ASD have Pathological Demand Avoidance, however only 1 in 9 displayed the full criteria

A

Gilbert et al (2015)

42
Q

75% of children with autism struggle with Theory of Mind

A

Baron-Cohen et al (1985)

43
Q

Theory of Mind predicts severity of ASD

A

Hoogenhout and Malcolm-Smith (2017)

44
Q

Correlation between Theory of Mind and social and communication difficulties in autism

A

Steele et al (2003)

45
Q

Attention difficulties is Down syndrome and ASD are similar

A

Lincoln et al (2002)

46
Q

Autistic people use more gestures in speech compared to Down syndrome

A

Attwood et al (1988)