Dysfunction in memory

Question 1

What is difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Answer 1

Retrograde: loss of memories prior to the accident

Anterograde: loss of ability to create new memories following the accident

Question 2

What were patient HM’s removed brain structures

Answer 2

bilateral medial temporal lobe

Question 3

What was HM’s performance on short-term memory and long-term memory

Answer 3

HM had short-term memory intact but could not encode memories into long-term

Question 4

3 types of memory

Answer 4

Short-term, long-term, sensory memory

Question 5

How is information lost from short-term memory?

Answer 5

Lost if information is unrehearsed

Question 6

How is information lost from long-term memory?

Answer 6

Loss of some information over time, especially it is not recalled

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

Has a brief fleeing sensory store

Iconic memory - 1 second (visual)
Echoic memory - 5-10 seconds (auditory)

Unattended informatoin is lost

Question 8

How do STMs become durable and permanent?

Answer 8

Consolidation. hippocampus mediates the proces.

STM are converted into LTM by organizing and storing the STM

Question 9

Divisions of long-term memory

Answer 9

Procedural memory (implicit, non-declarative) - memories about how to do things

Episodic memory (explicit, declarative) - memories about events

Question 10

Difference between HM and KC?

Answer 10

HM lacked episodic memory completely and also showed impaired semantic memory (general facts)

KC also had anterograde amnesia but continued to have semantic memory

Question 11

Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 11

Thiamine deficiency leading to brain damage

Severe anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, limited to explicit memory

Damage to medial diendephalic structures (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum)

Can be treated with thiamine supplements, nutrients, and addressing alcohol use if relevant