Dynamics of developed coastlines Flashcards
What’s a common pool resource?
Fundamentally- something shared
A natural resource (timber, fish, water) to which users have free access
But actions by individual users collectively affects the quantity and quality of the resource itself.
Tragedy of commons
Describes a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action.
Shared pool -> everyone has self interest -> “just one more” -> combined = threshold for collapse reached
How does Nordstrom, 1994 relate human agency to the coastal environment
It is not an intrusion into the coastal environment so much as it is now a part of the coastal environment and…human-altered landscapes can and should be modelled as a generic system.
Tragedy of the commons - Hardin saw it as inevitable and the only way out was through…
Centralised top down governance
Private property
…People otherwise unable to solve the problem, left to their own (rational) behaviours.
What are socio-ecological “traps”?
The trap concept is that you become increasingly dependent on a specific resource.
Individuals/ social group/ society makes some set of a decisions that result in a circumstance that is impossible to reverse.
They are typically framed in terms of poverty- collective actions, driven by a lack of economic alternatives, results in liquidation of natural resources.
Interplay of social decisions/ actions and environmental responses drives the socio-ecological system to a particular state/ set of conditions.
What is the “gilded” trap?
Gilded traps are a type of social trap in which collective actions resulting from economically attractive opportunities outweigh concerns over associated social and ecological risks or consequences.
What are Gilded traps?
Steneck et al. (2011)
In a coastal development context, lack of diversity
in the work economy (dependence on the tourist industry) and a dependence on coastal real estate for economic benefits.
This is also affecting coastal management interventions.
What is the TALC model?
Butler proposed that most tourist resorts go through a six stage model and he called this the tourism life cycle model.
What does the TALC model state?
Most tourist resorts start on a very small scale and get bigger and bigger until stagnation occurs.
What are the 6 stages of the TALC model?
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline or rejuvunation
Within the 6 stages of the TALC model, the following happens:
Exploration
A few hardy and adventurous people looking for something different in a holiday find a place that is special in terms of its culture, natural beauty, history or landscape.
There may be no tourist services available and local people will not be involved in tourist money making activities.
Within the 6 stages of the TALC model, the following happens:
Involvement
Local people start to notice that there are increasing numbers of people coming to their local area.
They start businesses to provide accommodation, food, guides, and transport.
Within the 6 stages of the TALC model, the following happens:
Development
Big companies start to see the emerging potential of the area as a tourist resort and therefore start to invest money in the region.
They build large hotel complexes and sell package holidays (a package might include travel, accommodation, food and excursions).
This makes the numbers of tourists swell dramatically and massively expands the number of job opportunities for people in the local region, in both tourist related jobs and in construction and services.
Within the 6 stages of the TALC model, the following happens:
Consolidation
The local economy is probably dominated by tourism at this stage, and many local people will make their money from this type of industry.
However, this can remove people from other industries such as farming and fishing and these industries can suffer as a result.
There will be continued building and expansion of the resort BUT some of the older buildings will start to become unattractive and a lower quality client base might result.
Within the 6 stages of the TALC model, the following happens:
Stagnation
Competition from other resorts, rowdiness and a loss of the original features (e.g. if it had a great beach but that is now crowded and full of rubbish) can cause the resort to stop growing.
The number of people going levels off then starts to decline, threatening local businesses and services.
Within the 6 stages of the TALC model, the following happens:
Decline or rejuvanation
From the stagnation point onwards there are 2 basic possibilities:
Decline in various forms or rejuvenation (regrowth of the resort) Decline can be slow or rapid, and regular visitors are replaced by people seeking a cheap break or day trippers.
Rejuvenation involves a cash injection from either a private company or the government, to create a new attraction within the original resort to boost its popularity - such as the Pleasure Beach at Blackpool.
Hidden key idea in Steneck et al, 2011
Alternative states [can be] resistant to change and persist for decades to centuries.
When two or more potential system states exist, there may be societal consensus or conflict re: which is most desirable.
Natural resource management is increasingly focused on building the resilience of desirable states and decreasing the resilience of undesirable alternative.
What does Stone (2000) argued regarding sand as a common pool resource?
Something in the public trust = common pool resource (sort of)
Stone argues, in essence: if sand is found in legal terms to be a public trust, then it needs to be treated as a public trust (and it isn’t).
What are sand mafias?
Owens, 2017
Criminal enterprises that sell material taken illegally from rivers and other sources, sometimes killing to safeguard their deposits.
Sand may appear plentiful, but is in fact becoming scarce.
The Economist, 2017
Not all types are useful: desert sand is too fine for most commercial purposes.
Reserves also need to be located near construction sites; as transport costs are high compared with the price, it is usually uneconomical to transport sand a long distance.
What are the most-extracted materials in the world?
The Conversation
Sand and gravel, exceeding fossil fuels and biomass (measured by weight)
In 2010, nations mined 11 billion sand for construction alone.
