Dynamic Devolopment

Question 1

Definition of development

Answer 1

The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.

Question 2

What does the IMF stand for?

Answer 2

The International monetary fund.

Question 3

How can we measure developement (economic factors)?

Answer 3

GNI and GDP

Question 4

How can we measure developement (social factors)?

Answer 4

Life expectancy, infant mortality rate, acces to doctors and educational attendace and achievement.

Question 5

What does HDI stand for and what does it meusure?

Answer 5

It stands for Human developement index and it meusures how developed a country is from 0-1. E.g. South Sudan is last with a HDI of 0.386 and the highest being Switzerland with 0.962

Question 6

Factors influencing uneven developement (physical)

Answer 6

-Weather and climate
-Relief
-Landlocked countries
-Tropical environments
-Water shortages

Question 7

Weather and climate

Answer 7

Weather and climate heavy rainfall, droughts, extreme heat or cold and vulnerability to tropical cyclones hamper economic development Vast parts of central and western Africa experience limited and unreliable rainfall. The Philippines and the Caribbean are frequently ravaged by tropical storms. In 2016, over 1000 people were killed by Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, just six years after 230,000 people were killed by a powerful earthquake.

Question 8

Relief

Answer 8

Relief mountainous countries and regions, for example Nepal, tend to be remote and have poor infrastructure. They are also subject to extreme weather conditions.

Question 9

Landlocked countries

Answer 9

Landlocked countries: countries without a coastline lack the benefits of sea trade, which historically has led to the development of most of the world’s mast-developed nations. A coastline acts as an international border providing huge opportunities for trading with other nations. Eight out of the fifteen lowest-ranking countries according to the HDI are landlocked
Figure 5).

Question 10

Tropical environment

Answer 10

Tropical environment: tropical environments (hot and wet) are prone to pests and diseases, which can spread rapidly. Malaria, spread by mosquitoes, and water-borne diseases such as cholera, can devastate communities and reduce people’s ability to work.

Question 11

Water shortages

Answer 11

Water shortages: water is essential for life and for development. There are serious shortages of water in some parts of the world, for example in parts of Africa and the Middle East.

Question 12

Factors influencing uneven developement (human)

Answer 12

-Poverty
-Trade
-History

Question 13

Poverty

Answer 13

-The lack of money in a household, community or country slow development.
-It prevents improvements to living conditions, infrastructure and sanitation, education and training.
-Without the basics, developments in agriculture and industry will be extremely slow and an economy will simply fail to rake off. Figure 6 illustrates the cycle of poverty

Question 14

Trade

Answer 14

-Trade between nations involves the import and export of goods and services.
-ACs the vast majority of the world’s trade involves the richer countries of Europe, Asia and North America. Most of the world’s powerful transnational companies (TNCs) are based here.
-LIDCs: these countries have limited access to the markets. They have traditionally traded key raw materials which are critical to the world, but simultaneously high-volume and low cost, such as agricultural products or minerals. The value of these raw materials (commodities) can fluctuate wildly, causing great uncertainty and instability as countries strive to become developed (Figure 7)

Question 15

History

Answer 15

-Many ACs have experienced a long history of development based on agricultural and industrial growth and international trading
-This has allowed them to become highly developed and relatively wealthy
-Rapid industrialisation has taken place in EDCs such as China, Malaysia and South Korea in recent decades.
-The LIDCs have not experienced significant economic growth yet. Many LIDCs were colonised by powerful trading nations such as the UK and France. It was during this colonial era that global development became uneven. The colonial countries face huge challenges, including poor infrastructure, lack of administrative experience and political instability

Question 16

Factors that make it hard for countries to break out of poverty

Answer 16

-Debt
-Trade
-Political unrest

Question 17

Debt

Answer 17

-Many LIDCs were coerced into exploitative loans by the IMF or to pay
previous colonisers for their loss of enslaved people.
-Poverty has meant that most of these debts are still unpaid, placing a huge burden on countries. For example, countries such as France refuse to release LIDCs from loans which are known to be of no benefit to the country.
-Some donor countries and organisations have cancelled or reduced debts to release LIDCs from restrictive agreements which were preventing their development,

Question 18

Trade

Answer 18

• Global trade favours richer countries that have formed powerful trading groups (blocs). Most value adding takes place in these countries.
• TNCs tend to be based in ACs, exploiting the LIDCs for their raw materials and relatively cheap labour force.
• For LIDCs to develop, they need to have a better balance of trade, with valuable exports being traded with other countries. Trade also needs to be fair, so that producers get a fair income for what they produce.