DWANG Flashcards
Anatomy:
physiology:
Pathophysiology
to study the abnormality related to diseases. Deals with any disturbances of body functions caused by diseases
Pharmacology and Therapuetics:
Drug action to the body and use the drugs to treat diseases
what is the orginization of the human body?
Molecular (drug target)
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Whole body (symptoms)
Body Organ system
Negative feedback
a type of regulation in biological systems in which the end product of a process in turn reduces the stimulus of that same process.
describe the importance of negative feedback mechanism
in the maintenance of body internal environment stable (homeostasis)
Maintenance of homeostasis usually involves negative feedback loops. These loops act to oppose the stimulus, or cue, that triggers them. For example, if your body temperature is too high, a negative feedback loop will act to bring it back down towards the set point, or target value, of 98.6 ∘ F 98.6\,^\circ\text F 98.
describe hyper/hypothyrodism with negative feedback
Hypothyroidism, on the other hand, happens due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. In primary hyperthyroidism, the thyroid produces large amounts of T3 and T4, which, through negative feedback inhibition, suppress TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary.
Anatomic position:
A subject who is standing upright facing forward, arms at the sides with palms forward, and the feet slightly apart
Body cavities (lateral view)
- dorsal cavity {inside cranial, foranum magnum, spinal cavity}
- ventral cavity
- sacra; promontary
4thorasic cavity
- diaphram
- abdominal cavity
- pelvic cavity
Anatomic Planes and sections
(A)Planes and sections of the body.
(B) Cross-section and longitudinal section of the small intestine.
(C) Transverse section through the upper abdomen.
Frontal (coronal) section,
a plane from side to side separates the body into front
and back portions.
Sagittal section,
a plane from front to back separates the body into right and left portions. A midsagittal section creates equal right and left halves.
Transverse section,
a horizontal plane separates the body into upper and lower portions.
Cross-section,
a plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ.
Longitudinal section
a plane along the long axis of an organ.
how many quadrants and how manu regions in abdomen area?
four qyuadrants and nine regions
liver is located in the upper right quadrant and epigastric region.
types of cells
nerve
gland
muscle [vouluntary and involuntary][
blood
bone
reproductive
tissue
group of cells with similar structure and function
Four types of body tissues:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Epithilial tisse is found on
Found on surfaces as either coverings (outer surfaces) or linings (inner surfaces). Many
epithelial tissues are capable of secretion (glands).
describe types of epithilial tissues and their functions.
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous
Transitional Cuboidal
Cuboidal
Columnar
Ciliated
-
Simple squamous: one layer of flat cells
1. Alveoli (gas exchange)
Capillaries (exchanges of materials)
-
Stratified squamous: many layers of cells, lower layer undergoes mitosis
1. Epidermis, Lining of esophagus, vagina (barrier to pathogens)Transitional -
Transitional: Many layers of cells; surface cells change from rounded to flat
1. Lining of urinary bladder (permits expansion without tearing the lining) -
Cuboidal: one layer of cubed shaped cells
1. Thyroid gland (secretes thyroxine) Salivary glands (secrete saliva) Kidney tubules (reabsorption) - Columner:One layer of column-shaped cells
1. Stomach (secretes gastric juice) Small intestine (secretes enzymes and absorption, microvilli)
- Ciliated:One layer of columnar cells with cilia on their free surfaces
1. Ttrachea (sweeps mucus and dust to the pharynx) Fallopian tube (sweeps ovum toward uterus)
- GLANDS:
- Unicellular glands:
- cells or organs that secrete chemicals that has a function either at that site (exocrine) or at a more distant site (endocrine and hormones).
- Goblet cells found in the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Their secretion is mucus.
Multicellular Glands include…
Exocrine with ducts (tubes):
eg, salivary glands, sweat glands
gastric glands
Endocrine glands: ductless, hormones for target organs.
eg, thyroid gland adrenal gland
pituitary gland
which organ has both edocine and exocrine glands?
pancreas
Exocrine: digestive enzymes to duodenum
Endocrine: insulin and glucagon
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (cells + matrix) includes…
Areolar, adipose, fibrous, and elastic tissue, blood, bone, and cartilage
Connetive tissure matrix:
a fibrous network, or minerals, or bio-solution
drug distribution to the connective ctissue cells
PO, IM, IV administration and plasma distribution to target organs.
Types of connective tissue
name cell matirx, function and structure
- Blood
- Areolar (loose)
- Adipose
- Fibrous
- Elastic
- Bone
- Cartilage
What are the three types of muscle tisse and give structure location/function, and nerve impulses
Skeletal:
- Structure; Striated cells and mutiple nuclei each
- Location;Attached to bones. Movements and produces heat
- Effects of nerve impulse: voluntary
Smooth
-tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each
- artiries–blood pressure, stomach/intestines—peris talsis, Iris of eye–pupil size
- bring about contraction or regulate the rate of contraction (involuntary)
Cardiac
- branched cells with faint straitions and one nucleus each
- walls of the chambers of the heart–pumpd blood
regulate only the rate of contraction
Nerve Tissue includes
Axon, Dendrites, synapse and neurotransmitters
Nerve tissue of
CELL BODY
what is the structure ans function?
Structure: -contains the nucleus
-Function: regulates the functioninf of the neuron
Nerve tissue
AXON
Structure: cellular process (extention)
Function: carries impulses away from the cell body
Nerve tissue
DENTRITES
structure: cellular process (extention)
Function: carries impulses toward the cell body (dendrodentritic synapses
Nerve tissue
SYNAPSE
structure: space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the next neuron’
function: transmits impulses from one neuron to others
nerve tisse
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
structures: chemicals released by axons
function: transmits impulses across synapses
nerve tisse
Neuroglia
structure: specialized cells in the central nervous system
function: form myelin sheaths and other functions
nerve tissue
SCHWANN CELLS
STRUCTURE: specialized cells in the perpheral nervous system
function: form the myelin sheaths around neurons
definition of body memebrane and the two types
sheets of tissues that cover or line surfaces or that separate
organs or parts (lobes) of organs from one another.
- Epithelial membranes
- Connective tissue membranes.
what are the types of epithelial membranes?
serous: simple squamous epithelium.
Location and names:
Pleural membranes; parietal pleura, visceral pleura, serous fluid
Pericardium (pericardial membrane): Parietal pericardium (lines the fibrous pericardium) Visceral pericardium, Serous fluid
Peritoneum: Parietal; Visceral; Fluid
mucous:line respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. The mucus secreted by these membranes keeps the lining epithelial cells moisturized.
