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Anatomy?Physio > Anatomy exam 1 part2 > Flashcards

Anatomy exam 1 part2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling

A

The main difference between the different categories of signaling is the distance that the signal travels through the organism to reach the target cell. … Paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells, endocrine signaling uses the circulatory system to transport ligands, and autocrine signaling acts on the signaling cell.

Endocrine : distant target cells, hormone secretion into blood by endocrine gland

Paracrine signaling: adjacent target cell

Autocrine: target sites on same cell

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2
Q

Describe the Trimeric G proteins, GPCR (G Protein coupled receptors) including the role of GTPase activity in self-limitation (inactivation)

A
  1. G protein coupled receptor
  2. Bound receptor activates G protein
  • adrenergic Receptors
  • Muscarinic AChR
  • mGlutamate receptors
  • Dopamine Receptors
  • GABAB Receptors
  • Most 5-HT receptors

G s, i, q, y

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein

A

Heterotrimeric G proteins are the molecular switches that turn on intracellular signalling cascades in response to the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by extracellular stimuli.

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5
Q

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs),

A

seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR)

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6
Q

Major second messengers in signal transduction

A

cAMP: activates protein kinase A

cGMP: activates protein kinase G (PKG) and open cation channels in rod cells

DAG: activates protein kinase (PKC)

IP3: opens Ca2+ channels in endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Describe the reaction catalyzed by adenylyl cyclase, guanylyl cyclase, and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (Reactants and products)

A

Enzymes that catalyze the formation and inactivation of the second messenger, cAMP

ATP–> adenylyl cyclase—> cAMP—>cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase–> AMP

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8
Q

Describe the signaling through adrenergic beta receptors including cAMP and PKA

A

norepinephrine neutrotransmitter enters the recptor and goes through G protein Gs and effector protein (adenylyl cyclase), second messengers cAMP, later effectors (protein kinase A), target action (increase protein phosphorylation).

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9
Q

Effector pathway of metabotropic glutamate receptor

Describe the signaling through Gq, PLC pathways including the roles of PIP2, DAG, IP3, IP3 receptor, Ca release and PKC activation

A

neurotransmitter : glutamate

receptor : mGluR

G protein: Gq

Effector protein phospholiase C

Second messengers diacyglycerol IP3

later effectors: Protein kinase C and Ca2+ release

target action increase protein phosphorylation and activate calcium-binding protein

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10
Q

Describe the role of calmodulin

A

§Calmodulin is a major calcium binding protein

  • Binds 4 calcium ions per molecule
  • High affinity for target enzymes
  • Calcium-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase (CaMKII, CaMKIV)
  • Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
  • Adenylyl Cyclase (AC)
  • Protein Phosphatase 2B (PP2B = calcineurin)
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11
Q

name the second messengers

A
  1. cyclic nucleotides (e.g., cAMP and cGMP)
  2. inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)
  3. calcium ions (Ca2+)
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12
Q

Calcium as Second Messenger

A

source:

plasma membrane: voltage gated Ca2+ channels various ligand gated channels

Endoplasmic reticulum: IP3 receptors ryanodine receptors

Itracellular targets

Calmodulin protein kinasees protein phosphatases, ion channel, synaptotagmin, Ca2+

Removal

plama membrane: Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Endoplamic ret: Ca+pump

mitochondria

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13
Q

List and describe the major second messengers

A
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14
Q

Regulation of cellular proteins by phosphorylation

Describe protein kinases and phosphatases

A

receptors are activated/deactivated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, by means of kinases and phosphatases

Protein kinases and phosphatases are enzymes catalysing the transfer of phosphate between their substrates. A protein kinase catalyses the transfer of -phosphate from ATP (or GTP) to its protein substrates while a protein phosphatase catalyses the transfer of the phosphate from a phosphoprotein to a water molecule.

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15
Q

Describe steroid hormone signaling

Nuclear Receptors: Glucocorticoids

A
  1. Glucocorticoid hormone receptors
    - Located in the cytoplasm
    - Bind to soluble glucocorticoids
  2. Binding of glucocorticoids causes receptor to translocate to the nucleus
  3. Bound receptor is a transcription factor, binds to recognition site on DNA
    - Activates transcription and gene expression
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16
Q

general scheme of the ANS pathways (Two synapse chains)

Efferent Pathways

A

ANS pathway is a two-neuron chain

1.Preganglionic neuron (in CNS) has a thin, lightly myelinated preganglionic axon

2.Ganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion has an unmyelinated postganglionic axon that extends to the effector organ

17
Q

Describe the effects caused by SNS and PNS

A
18
Q
  1. Describe the effects caused by SNS and PNS

Role of the Sympathetic Division

A
  1. Mobilizes the body during activity; is the “fight-or-flight” system
  2. Promotes adjustments during exercise, or when threatened
  • Blood flow is shunted to skeletal muscles and heart
  • Bronchioles dilate
  • Liver releases glucose
19
Q
  1. Describe the effects caused by SNS and PNS

Role of the Parasympathetic Division

A
  1. Promotes maintenance activities and conserves body energy
  2. Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes, reading, after a meal (rest and digest)
  • Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
  • Gastrointestinal tract activity is high
  • Pupils are constricted and lenses are accommodated for close vision
20
Q

Autonomic Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Pathways

Sympathetic pathways use

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine —> ACh–> nicotinic receptor–> autonomic ganglion –>norepinephrine–> agrenergic receptor –> target tissue

Parasympathetic pathway use

acetylcholine–> ACh—> nicotinic receptor–> autonomic ganglion—>ACh—> Muscurinic receptor

A
21
Q

Cholinergic fibers release the neurotransmitter

A

ACh

  • All ANS preganglionic axons
  • All parasympathetic postganglionic axons
22
Q

Adrenergic fibers release the neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine

  • Most sympathetic postganglionic axons
  • Exceptions: sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete ACh at sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscles
23
Q

Receptors for Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Cholinergic receptors for ACh
  2. Adrenergic receptors for NE
24
Q

Nicotinic vs muscarinic receptors

A

Nicotinic receptors are responsive to the agonist nicotine, while muscarinic receptors are responsive to muscarine. The two receptors differ in function as ionotropic ligand-gated and G-protein coupled receptors, respectively.Sep 6, 2020

25
Q

Pregangionic Transmission and Parasympathetic Postganglionic Transmission

Muscarinic receptors

A
  • G protein-coupled
  • At least five subtypes
  • M1,M3, and M5 appear to couple to the same Gq proteins and signal through DAG/IP3 pathways.
  • M2 and M4 couple through Gi/o proteins and signal through cAMPpathways.
26
Q
  1. Describe the cell signaling through muscarinic M1 receptors
A

M1,M3, and M5 couple to the same Gq proteins and signal through DAG/IP3 pathways.

M2 and M4 couple through Gi/o proteins and signal through cAMP pathways.

27
Q

Parasympathetic Physiological Actions

A

§Constricts pupils and bronchioles

§Slows heart

§Stimulates

  • Digestion
  • Insulin release
  • Urination

Erections

28
Q

The Adrenal Medulla

A

Adrenal cortex is a true endocrine gland

Adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion.

preganglionic sympatheic neuron to ACh

chromafin cell is modified postganglionic sympathetic neuron

epinephrine is neurohormone that enters blood to target tissues

epinephrine at B2 receptor

norepinephrine at B1 receptor

29
Q

Adrenergic Receptors include

A

Two types

  • Alpha (a) (subtypes a1, a2)
  • Beta (b) (subtypes b1, b2 , b3)

-Effects of E/NE depend on which subclass of receptor predominates on the target organ

30
Q

Autonomic Control Centers in the Brain

A
  1. Hypothalamus

•Water balance, temperature, and hunger

  1. Pons

•Respiration

  1. Medulla
  • Respiration
  • Cardiac
  • Vomiting
  • Swallowing
31
Q
  1. Define dual innervations
A
  1. Most visceral organs have dual innervation
  2. Dynamic antagonism allows for precise control of visceral activity
  • Sympathetic division increases heart and respiratory rates, and inhibits digestion and elimination
  • Parasympathetic division decreases heart and respiratory rates, and allows for digestion and the discarding of wastes
32
Q
  1. Describe the brain structures that regulate ANS
A

§Hypothalamus —main integrative center of ANS activity

§Subconscious cerebral input via limbic lobe connections influences hypothalamic function

§Other controls come from the cerebral cortex, the reticular formation, and the spinal cord

33
Q
  1. Define antagonistic and cooperative actions of SNS and PNS and give some examples
A

-Most internal organs are under antagonistic control

  • One autonomic branch is excitatory and the other branch is inhibitory
  • Example:
  • Effector organ: heart
  • Parasympathetic response: slows rate
  • Sympathetic response: increases rate and force of contraction
34
Q
  1. Define antagonistic and cooperative actions of SNS and PNS and give some examples
A

-Some organs are under cooperative control

  • Salivation and sexual activity
  • Example:
  • Saliva: salivation is stimulated by both sympathetic (mucous part) and parasympathetic branches (watery part)
  • Sexual activity: parasympathetic branch stimulates erection and sympathetic is important for ejaculation
35
Q

Summary: Somatic and Autonomic Nervous

A
36
Q
A

Anatomy?Physio (11 decks)

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